Grain orientation lamination

A separate study was the improvement of magnetic permeability in soft alloys such as are used in transformers and motors by lining up the orientations of individual crystal grains, also known as a preferred orientation this became an important subspeciality in the design of transformer laminations made of dilute Fe-Si alloys, introduced more than 100 years ago and still widely used. 

Laminate in which some of the layers of materials are oriented at right angles to the remaining layers. Orientation may be based on grain or strength direction considerations. 

Laminate in which all layers of materials are oriented in parallel with respect to grain or strongest direction in tension. 

Glued-laminated timber (glulam) is an engineered stress-rated produet that eonsists of two or more layers of timber in whieh the grain of all layers is oriented parallel to the length of the timber. 

Soft ferromagnetic materials for ac applications are usually prepared in the form of thin laminated sheets (essentially to decrease eddy-current losses see the end of this section). A proper combination of rolling and annealing processes can lead to a preferential orientation of grains, which results in extremely favourable magnetic properties. The fabrication steps for electrical steels are listed in Table 6.3. 

Laminate, parallel, n—A laminate in which the grain of all layers of material are oriented approximately parallel to each other. A laminate in which all the layers of material are oriented approximately parallel with respect to the grain or strongest direction in tension. 

Tensorial character is relevant for rocks with an anisotropy (originated by lamination, preferred direction of fractures, grain axis or mineral orientation, etc.). The terms isotropy and anisotropy refer to the directional dependence of considered (tensorial) properties. Isotropic expresses that a vectorial property has at any point the same magnitude for all directions if the magnitude shows a directional dependence, then the material is anisotropic. 

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