Silicon grain-oriented

Table 2. Core Loss of Grain-Oriented Silicon Steels, W/kg ...

To meet this requirement, the use of steel with a still better silicon content and lower losses is imperative. A cold-rolled non-grain oriented (CRNGO) type of sheet steel is generally used for such applications, in the thickness range of 0.35-0.5 mm, with a higher silicon content of the order of 2.0-1.8% and losses as low as 1.0-1.5 W/kg. 

High purity 50% ferrosilicon containing <0.1% Al and C is used for production of stainless steel and corded wire for tires, where residual aluminum can cause harmful alumina-type inclusions. These are also useful in continuous cast heats, where control of aluminum is necessary. High purity grades of 50 and 75% ferrosilicon containing low levels of aluminum, calcium, and titanium are used for silicon additions to grain-oriented electrical steels, where low residual aluminum content contributes to the attainment of desired electrical properties, eg, significant reduction of eddy currents. 

HRTEM observations of three differently misoriented interphase boundaries between hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) and 3C silicon carbide (3C SiC) grains showing an orientation dependence on equilibrium film thickness. In (a) and (b) the (0001) of the highly anisotropic b-BN are parallel to the interface, whereas in (c) they make an angle of 68° with the interphase boundary (reprinted from Ultramicroscopy, Knowles KM and Turan S, The dependence of equilibrium film thickness on grain orientation at interphase boundaries in ceramic-ceramic composites, 83(3/4) 245-259 (2000) with kind permission of Elsevier Science). 

Potent recrystallization-inhibitors will also be useful as additives to prevent recrystallization in materials such as grain oriented silicon steel or silicon-iron composites (22, 23). In a different venue, such compounds have applications in the food industry to enhance the texture and tastes of various frozen food products. 

Thin films deposited by various techniques usually have preferential orientations, which have a significant influence on the electrochemical behavior of the material. For example, electrodeposited copper films on silicon wafers may have most crystal grains orientated in such a way that their (111) planes are parallel to the surface. Cu(lll) planes have a higher dissolution rate than Cu(lOO) planes in the active potential region of an electrochemical process. 

It is noted that the polishing of the polysilicon film will employ the well-known technology of polishing monocrystalline silicon substrates. This gives an opportunity to examine the effect of polycrystallinity and thus of grain boundaries and grain orientation in CMP of Si. Doped vs. undoped polysilicon will also shed... 

The grain-oriented steels, containing ca 3.25% silicon, are used in the highest efficiency distribution and power transformers and in large turbine generators. They are processed in a proprietary way and have directional properties related to orientation of the large crystals in a preferred direction. 

This is the most widely used method for the determination of the phase composition of powders. The x-ray diffractometer contains a source of monochromatic x-rays that irradiate the sample and are diffracted from atomic planes and detected. The angle of diffraction of x-rays by the crystalline planes is characteristic of the crystal structure, and the intensity of scattered radiation is characteristic of the atomic composition. In recent years, automated data processing has enabled higher accuracy and speed. A number of problems are encountered in the quantitative determination of phases in fine powders. Some of these are overlap of phase peaks (e.g., in silicon nitride), orientation of grains, and presence of coarse particles. The last produces distortion of the diffraction data. A number of standard reference materials for XRPD have been developed for use in improving the quality of data [37]. 

R. Boll and K. J. Overshott. VCH Publishers Inc., New York, pp. 97-152. Houze, G. L. (1967). Domain wall motion in grain-oriented silicon steel in... 

Nozawa, T., Matsuo, Y., Kobayashi, H., layama, K. Takahashi, N. (1988). Magnetic properties and domain structures in domain refined grain-oriented silicon steel. Journal of Applied Physics, 63, 2966-70. 

Taguchi, S., Sakakura, A., Matsumoto, F., Takashima, K. Kuroki, K. (1976). The development of grain-oriented silicon steel with high permeability. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, 2, 121-31. 

Figure 8.5 Schematic illustration of fabrication procedure for silicon nitride with controlled grain orientation through seeding and tape casting. Reprinted with permission from Ref [19] ...

Compared to grain-oriented silicon steels the iron-rich amorphous alloys show appreciably lower co-ercivity and consequently lower total losses. 

Figure 84. Pressureless-sintered silicon carbide doped with boron carbide. Electrolytically etched, BF. Grain face etching. Color etching reveals different grain orientations.

Cast grain oriented polycrystalline silicon (SILSO... 

Aluminium on Silicon. Low Contact Resistance. Improved Corrosion Resistance c/f Evaporated A1. Grain Size and Crystal Size Distribution is Function of Acceleration Voltage. Crystal Orientation is strongly (111) under High Acceleration Voltage... 

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