Graft polymerization of poly

Typical results in the graft polymerization of poly (styrene-alt-maleic anhydride) onto polystyrene in solution without a radical catalyst are shown in Table I. Analogous results are obtained in the presence of a radical catalyst. 

Surface graft polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) acrylate was used to modify the surface of PDMS. Templates with channels were formed from this material and sol-gel chemistry was used to form amino-silane doped xerogel microarrays. These structures were then used to release nitric oxide at various rates, by control of micropattern dimensions, type and concentration of the amino-silane, and so on. This method parallels the use of polymers in controlled drug-delivery systems. ... 

Jung IK, Bae JW, Choi WS, Choi JH, Park KD. Surface graft polymerization of poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate onto polyurethane via thiol-ene reaction preparation and characterizations. J Biomater Sci Polym Ed 2009 20(10) 1473-82. 

Among recent references to cationic polymerization in the presence of carbon black is the report of a graft polymerization of poly(lV-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) (NVP) onto a carbon black substrate. Typical carbon black surface structures include carboxylic acid groups. From the dependence of polymerization rate on the concentration of these groups and the effects of surface treatments with basic compounds the inference is drawn that the carboxylic acids initiate cationic polymerizations. In the case of NVP grafting the mechanism would presumably involve proton initiation followed by termination on the residual anionic surface groups. 

Mitomo H, Enjoji T, Watanabe Y, Yoshii F, Maknnchi K, Saito T. Radiation-induced graft-polymerization of poly(3-hydroxybntyrate) and its copolymer. J Macromol Sci Pure Appl Chem 1995 A32 429-442. 

Graft polymerization of monomers such as acrylic acid on core particles consisting of magnetic iron oxide embedded in cross-linked poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) has been described previously (2). 

Also we have not considered the possibility of grafting on grafted polyAM chains. If this could happen efficiently, the graft layer should have grown much thicker. Relevant to this problem, grafting onto poly(ethylene-g-maleimide) was not observed in photoinduced graft polymerization of maleimide to polyethylene... 

In the presence of a dissolved polymer, the radical polymerization of a monomer by thermal decomposition of an initiator results in a mixture of homopolymerization and graft polymerization [Brydon et al., 1973, 1974 Ludwico and Rosen, 1975, 1976 Pham et al., 2000 Russell, 2002], Polymer radicals (XXX), formed by chain transfer between the propagating radical and polymer, initiate graft polymerization of styrene. The product (XXXI) consists of polystyrene grafts on the 1,4-poly-1,3-butadiene backbone. Polymer radicals are also formed... 

Polymer radicals can also be produced by the irradiation of a polymer-monomer mixture with ionizing radiation. Thus, the interaction of ionizing radiation with polyethylene-styrene produces radical centers on polyethylene, and these initiate graft polymerization of styrene to produce poly(ethylene-gra/i-styrene) [Rabie and Odian, 1977]. 

However, if increasing amounts of free radical acceptors are added to the system, the block and graft polymerization gradually decreases, as saturation of free macroradicals proceeds faster than the addition of monomers. In Table 2, the influence of benzoquinone on the graft polymerization of vinyl chloride on poly(methyl methacrylate) is shown (20). 

Okano et al. [51] applied poly(IPAAm) to modifying the surface of commercial polystyrene1 culture dishes for bovine aortic endothelial cells as well as for rat hepatocytes. Graft polymerization of IPAAm onto the polystyrene dishes was carried out by using an electron beam. The thickness of the poly(IPAAm)-grafted layer in aqueous systems was 0.5 pm at 37 °C and 0.6 pm at 15 °C. After endothelial cells were cultured at 37 °C for 2 days, the temperature was decreased to 10 °C and the number of cells that were detached from the surface was counted. Okano et al. observed that 100% of cells were detached from the poly(IPAAm)grafted surface. 

E. Uchida, Y. Uyama, and Y. Ikada, Surface graft polymerization of acrylamide onto poly(elliylene... 

The free radical polymerization of styrene initialized by iniferter is influenced by chemical binding of iniferter on the surface of the silica." This reaction is used for grafting the polymer onto the surface of the silica. A similar approach is used when carbon whisker is incorporated during the graft-polymerization of methyl methacrylate. Depending on how the whisker is prepared, surface conversion can be increased up to twelve times compared to a polymerization with no whisker present. The addition of graphite to the poly esterification reaction doubles the molecular weight of the polymer. ... 

Surfactants have also been used to overcome the solubility limitation of synthetic polymers in CO2 (most common synthetic polymers would be considered to be C02-phobic). For example, surfactants have been used to aid in the dispersion polymerization of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) in CO2 (58-60). The surfactants used in the polymerizations of PMMA are more accurately referred to as stabilizers. The C02-phobic region acts as anchor to the growing polymer, either by physical adsorption or by chemical grafting. The C02-philic region sterically stabilizes the growing polymer particles, preventing flocculation and precipitation. When a biopolymer is not soluble in CO2, specific surfactants may be designed to aid in the solubilization of the polymer into CO2. 

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