Protein binding, glycosaminoglycans

RE Hileman, JR Fromm, JM Weiler, RJ Linhardt. Glycosaminoglycan-protein interactions definition of consensus sites in glycosaminoglycan-binding proteins. Bioessays 20 156-167, 1998. 

Keiser, N., Venkataraman, G.,Shriver, Z.,andSasisekharan,R. (2001). Direct isolation and sequencing of specific protein-binding glycosaminoglycans. Nat. Med. 7, 123-128. 

Thrombin and factor Xa that have escaped into the blood flow are both inhibited by serpins, anti-thrombin III (ATIII) and heparin cofactor II (HCII). These proteins bind to heparin sulfate or dermatan sulfate (Sect. 6.3.1), glycosaminoglycans which are secreted onto the luminal surface of healthy endothelial cells and also released into the blood from mast cells activated by an injury. Among the heparin molecules is a pentaglycan sequence... 

In a review on proteoglycans and atherosclerosis, the characterization of arterial proteoglycans and their probable role in atherosclerosis has been discussed.A review on rheumatoid disease in cultured human synovial cells has dealt with a biochemical study of glycosaminoglycans, proteins, and plasma membranes of synovial fibroblasts in culture.Aspects of glycosaminoglycans and their binding to biological macromolecules have been reviewed. 

FIGURE 9.32 Proteoglycans serve a variety of functions on the cytoplasmic and extracellular surfaces of the plasma membrane. Many of these functions appear to involve the binding of specific proteins to the glycosaminoglycan groups. 

The first is glycosaminoglycan, a compound produced by the body that coats the epithelial cells of the bladder. This compound essentially separates the bladder from the urine by forming a protective layer against bacterial adhesion.14 A second compound known as Tamm-Horsfall protein is secreted into the urine, and prevents E. coli from binding to receptors present on the surface of the bladder. Other factors implicated in contributing to host defense mechanisms include immunoglobulins, specifically IgA, and lactobacilli, bacteria that are part of the normal vaginal flora.13,15... 

McComack MA, Cassidy CK, LiWang PJ. The binding surface and affinity of monomeric and dimeric chemokine macrophage inflammatory protein 1 beta for various glycosaminoglycan disaccharides. J Biol Chem 2003 278 1946-56. 

Heparin is a carbohydrate-based (glycosaminoglycan) anticoagulant associated with many tissues, but mainly found stored intracellularly as granules in mast cells that line the endothelium of blood vessels. Upon release into the bloodstream, heparin binds to and thereby activates an additional plasma protein, namely antithrombin. The heparin-antithrombin complex then binds a number of activated clotting factors (including Ha, IXa, Xa, XIa and Xlla), thereby inactivating them. The heparin now disassociates from the complex and combines with another antithrombin molecule, thereby initiating another turn of this inhibitory cycle. 

Console S, et al. Antennapedia and HIV transactivator of transcription (TAT) protein transduction domains promote endocytosis of high molecular weight cargo upon binding to cell surface glycosaminoglycans. J Biol Chem 2003 278 35109. 

T14. Heparin Interactions Heparin, a highly negatively charged glycosaminoglycan, is used clinically as an anticoagulant. It acts by binding several plasma proteins,... 

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