Glycol azelate

Is)max as shown in the diagrams of Figures 17-19 for the three prepolymer types discussed before (polyester, polyether, and polybutadiene). In the examples shown (Is)m ax is about equal for a poly ether (all polypropylene oxide) and a polyester (ca. 49 parts poly (neopentyl glycol) azelate, 35 parts poly (tripropylene glycol) azelate, 10 parts bis (2-ethyl-hexyl) azelate, 6 parts glycerolmonoricinoleate), and about 2 points higher for a polybutadiene binder (ca. 75 parts polybutadiene and 25 parts of a saturated hydrocarbon as plasticizer). 

Raw Materials. PVC is inherently a hard and brittle material and very sensitive to heat it thus must be modified with a variety of plasticizers, stabilizers, and other processing aids to form heat-stable flexible or semiflexible products or with lesser amounts of these processing aids for the manufacture of rigid products (see Vinyl polymers, vinyl chloride polymers). Plasticizer levels used to produce the desired softness and flexibihty in a finished product vary between 25 parts per hundred (pph) parts of PVC for flooring products to about 80—100 pph for apparel products (245). Numerous plasticizers (qv) are commercially available for PVC, although dioctyl phthalate (DOP) is by far the most widely used in industrial appHcations due to its excellent properties and low cost. For example, phosphates provide improved flame resistance, adipate esters enhance low temperature flexibihty, polymeric plasticizers such as glycol adipates and azelates improve the migration resistance, and phthalate esters provide compatibiUty and flexibihty (245). 

Other plasticizers include adipates, azelates, sebacates and various polymeric plasticizers made from glycols and aliphatic dicarboxylic acids. 

Plasticizers such as the phthalates, phosphates, etc., are considered the most Important. Other monomerlcs such as adipates, azelates, sebacates, glycolates, citrates, etc., are usually classified as specialty types. The phthalates are considered the most well balanced "property-wise" of all the plasticizers available. 

Polymer plasticization can be achieved either through internal or external incorporation of the plasticizer into the polymer. Internal plasticization involves copolymerization of the monomers of the desired polymer and that of the plasticizer so that the plasticizer is an integral part of the polymer chain. In this case, the plasticizer is usually a polymer with a low Tg. The most widely used internal plasticizer monomers are vinyl acetate and vinylidene chloride. External plasticizers are those incorporated into the resin as an external additive. Typical low-molecular-weight external plasticizers for PVC are esters formed from the reaction of acids or acid anhydrides with alcohols. The acids include ortho- and iso-or terephthalic, benzoic, and trimellitic acids, which are cyclic or adipic, azeleic, sebacic, and phosphoric acids, which are linear. The alcohol may be monohydric such as 2-ethylhexanol, butanol, or isononyl alcohol or polyhydric such as ethylene or propylene glycol. The structures of some plasticizers of PVC are shown in Table 9.1. 

Oxalate, glycolate, malonate, pyruvate, formate, suberate, malate, acetate, succinate, glyoxylate, phthalate, lactate, methanesulfonate, propionate, glutarate, benzoate in 8.5 min Chloride, nitrate, sulfate, formate, fumarate, malonate, succinate, maleate, glutarate, methanesulfonate, carbonate/adipate, malate, pimelate, acetate, suberate, oxalate, azelate, sebacate, glyoxylate, propionate, methacrylate, lactate, butyrate, hydroxy-iso-butyrate, valerate, capronate, enanthate, caprylate, pelargate in 9.5 min... 

Emery 2914. See Dimethyl azelate Emery 2917. See Neopentyl glycol dipelargonate... 

Dibutoxyethyl azelate Diphenyl octyl phosphate Pentaerythrityl tetrabenzoate plasticizer, cable/wire Asphalt, oxidized plasticizer, car upholstery Trioctyl trimellitate plasticizer, casein Sodium lactate plasticizer, castable PU Butyl benzyl phthalate Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate plasticizer, caulk... 

Acetyl tri-n-hexyl citrate Bis (2-ethylhexyl) maleate Butyl cyclohexyl phthalate Butyidecyl phthalate n-Butyl epoxystearate Butyl oleate n-Butyl phthalyl-n-butyl glycolate Coumarone/indene resin Cyclohexyl epoxystearate Decyltridecyl phthalate Diallyl phthalate Dibutoxyethoxyethyl formal Dibutoxyethoxyethyl glutarate Dibutoxyethyl azelate Dibutoxyethyl phthalate Dibutyl adipate Dicyclohexyl phthalate ... 

Dibutoxyethyl azelate Dibutyl adipate Diisobutyl adipate Diisodecyl glutarate Diisooctyl dodecanedioate Dioctyl dodecanedioate Dioctyl terephthalate chlorinated Dipropylene glycol dibenzoate Methyl tallate Sucrose benzoate Trimethylolethane tricaprylate-caprate Trimethylolpropane triheptanoate plasticizer, vinyl... 

Cellulose Cerotic acid Ceteareth-20 Cetearyl alcohol Cetyl alcohol Cetyl laurate Chalk Cholesteryl hydroxystearate Cocamide Cocamide MIPA Copal resin Corn (Zea mays) starch Cyclocarboxypropyloleic acid Cyclomethicone 7-Dehydrocholesterol Dibenzylidene sorbitol Diglyceryl stearate malate Dihydroabietyl methacrylate Dihydrogenated tallow benzylmonium hectorite Dimethyl lauramine oleate Dipotassium azelate Dipropylene glycol salicylate Disodium lauroamphodiacetate ... 

Butylene glycol diacrylate SR 212 243-190-2 Dipotassium azelate 243-214-1 Cosmacol ESI Tridecyl salicylate 243-283-8... 

Isostearyl benzylimidonium chloride C29H52O8 Nonoxynol-7 C29H56O4 Diisodecyl azelate Neopentyl glycol dilaurate C29H56O9... 

Toxicological and carcinogenic aspects are very important for plasticizers destined to be used in toy manufacture but they are not known at this time for most of these plasticizers to ensure their safe use in this application. Presently known facts seem to indicate that some of the plasticizers may be potentially useful to replace phthalates. A report prepared for the European Commission Directorate-General Enterprise indicates a lower health risk with acetyl tributyl citrate, ATBC. It was also reported that the substitution of phthalates by benzoates (such as the diethylene glycol dibenzoate), alkylsulfonic phenyl esters, and possibly some adipates, trimellitates, sebacates and azelates should reduce health hazards however it is also recognized that the information available for DOA and ATBC is much less extensive than that available for phthalates. 

Additives used in final products Plasticizers polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, partial fatty ester, glucose monoester, citrate, adipate and azelate esters, epoxidized soybean oil, acetylated coconut oil, linseed oil, acetyl tributyl citrate, glycerol triacetate, glycerol tripropionate Antistatics ethoxylated fatty amines, polyethylene glycol ester, quaternary ammonium salt Antiblocking diatomaceous earth, talc Slip erucamide ... 

Additives used in final products Plasticizers acetyl tri-n-butyl citrate, epoxidized soybean oil, polymeric condensation product of azelic acid and 1,3-butane-diol, polymeric plasticizer of adipic acid and propylene glycol. Antistatics ionic polymer, imidazoline/metal salt ... 

Poly(ethylene azelate) Azelaic acid-ediylene glycol polymer 26760-99-6 Nonanedioic acid, polymer with 1,2-ethanediol R (G9M16O4 C2H602),t... 

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