Glycidyl methacrylate GMA

Hoffman and his coworkers have done a lot of work on the apphcation of radiation-induced graft polymerization for medical apphcation. The hydrophilic polymers that have been used for radiation-induced grafting are Al-vinyl pyrohdone (NVP), 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), acrylamide (AAm), acrylic acid (AAc), glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), ethyleneglycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA), and ethyl methacrylate (EMA) onto sihcone rubber were widely smdied. 

In our previous work [8], we rqjorted the synthesis of (2-oxo-l,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methacrylate (DOMA) finrn carbon dioxide and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) using quaternary salt catalysts. In the present work, we studied the catalytic pra rmance of alkyhnethyl imidazolium salt ionic liquid in the synthesis of polycarbonate from the copolyraerization of CO2 with GMA. The influences of copolymerization variable like catalyst structure and reaction tenperature on the conversion of GMA and the yield of the polycarbonate have been discussed. 

Glycidyl methacrylate (purity 98 %) was purchased fiom Aldrich. Ionic liquids based on 1-n-ethyl-3-methyliinidazolium (EMIm), l-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMhn), 1-n-hexyl-3-methylimidaJ5Dlium (HMhn) with dififeent anions such as CT, BF4", PFg wo e prepared according to the procedures reported previously. Copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and CO2 were carried out in a 50 mL stainless steel autoclave equipped with a... 

The chemical reaction between glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) end groups on the reactive elastomer and the carboxylic acid end groups of PET is shown in... 

Elastomers with reactive end groups such as maleic anhydride (MA) or glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) are preferred for toughening PET. The reason that they are so effective is that they form a graft copolymer by reaction with the PET hydroxyl and carboxyl end groups (as shown below). The graft copolymer then acts as an emulsifier to decrease the interfacial tension and reduce the tendency... 

Figure 6.4 Structures of allyl bromide (a) and glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) (b).

Banks etal. (1995) reacted TMP fibres with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) (Figure 6.4b), maleic anhydride or succinic anhydride and hot-pressed the modified fibres with methyl methacrylate in the presence of BPO. Infrared evidence was presented indicating that copolymerization had occurred between the bonded GMA and methyl methacrylate. However, in a later study, Qetin and Hill (1999) could find no evidence to suggest that a chemical bond had formed between the GMA and wood. 

Sha et al. applied the commercially available dual initiator ATRP-4 for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of block copolymers. In a first series of publications, the group reported the successful synthesis of a block copolymer comprising PCL and polystyrene (PS) blocks [31, 32]. This concept was then further applied for the chemoenzymatic synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers by macroinitiation of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) from the ATRP functional PCL [33]. This procedure yielded well-defined block copolymers, which formed micelles in aqueous solution. Sha et al. were also the first to apply the dual enzyme/ATRP initiator concept to an enzymatic polycondensation of 10-hydroxydecanoic acid [34]. This concept was then extended to the ATRP of GMA and the formation of vesicles from the corresponding block copolymer [35]. 

Template core-shell particles with cores comprised mainly of poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (GMA) and shells consisting mainly of PNIPAM and amino or thiol-functionalized have been used for the synthesis of Au NPs. The obtained hybrid particles exhibited a reversible color change from red to purple, which originated from the surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles and was temperature-dependent in the range 25-40 °C [96] (Scheme 3.15). 

Compatibilizer ABS copolymers have been prepared via an emulsion polymerization process. These copolymers have been functionalized with glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The functionalized copolymers are blended PBT. Characterization by thermal mechanical analysis indicates that PBT is partially miscible with ABS and the glycidyl grafted ABS (48). 

Polymers of MMA, AAc, and MAA were grafted onto an ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) fiber surface after pretreatment with electron beam irradiation [31]. Sundell et al. [32] pretreated a PE film with electron beams to facilitate the graft polymerization of vinyl benzylchloride onto the substrate. The inner surface of porous PE hollow fiber had also been modified by grafting of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) polymer after electron beam irradiation [33]. 

The effect of covalently bonding the shell surface to the matrix was studied (Sue et al., 1996a). It is possible to introduce glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) in the last step of the CSR synthesis. GMA... 

PE-g-PS graft copolymer was produced by a coupling reaction, too. a-Carboxyl PS prepared by an ATRP technique was reacted with PE-g-glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) to produce PE-g-PS [121]. A PP-fc-PMMA block copolymer was synthesized using a magnesium bromide terminated PP as an initiator for the radical polymerization of MMA, which was prepared from the vinylidene terminated PP obtained with the Et(Ind)2ZrCl2/MAO catalyst system [122],... 

Most research into the study of dispersion polymerization involves common vinyl monomers such as styrene, (meth)acrylates, and their copolymers with stabilizers like polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) [33-40], poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) [18,41],poly(methacrylicacid) [42],or hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) [43,44] in polar media (usually alcohols). However, dispersion polymerization is also used widely to prepare functional microspheres in different media [45, 46]. Some recent examples of these preparations include the (co-)polymerization of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) [47,48],4-vinylpyridine (4VP) [49], glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) [50-53], acrylamide (AAm) [54, 55], chloro-methylstyrene (CMS) [56, 57], vinylpyrrolidone (VPy) [58], Boc-p-amino-styrene (Boc-AMST) [59],andAT-vinylcarbazole (NVC) [60] (Table 1). Dispersion polymerization is usually carried out in organic liquids such as alcohols and cyclohexane, or mixed solvent-nonsolvents such as 2-butanol-toluene, alcohol-toluene, DMF-toluene, DMF-methanol, and ethanol-DMSO. In addition to conventional PVP, PAA, and PHC as dispersant, poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME) [54], partially hydrolyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (hydrolysis=35%) [61], and poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate-fo-butyl methacrylate)... 

Scheme 4 SimplifiecI representation of the pre-irradiation method ("step aJ applied to the grafting reaction of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto polypropylene fstep W for the functionalization of the material by reaction...

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