Glycerides, chemistry

E. D. Gunstone, Chemistry andBiochemisty of Fatty Ficids and Their Glycerides, 2nd ed.. Chapman and Hall, Ltd., London, 1967, p. 151. 

The range of hydrophobes present may also be unexpectedly broad, since the raw materials often consist of mixtures of symmetrical and/or mixed glycerides. As little as 60% of an oil may be sulphatable sulphation is never carried to theoretical completion and is often far below 100%. With these provisos in mind, the chemistry of the sulphated oils can be... 

Kuksis, A. 1972. Newer developments in determination of structure of glycerides and phosphoglycerides. In Progress in the Chemistry of Fats and Other Lipids, Vol. 12. R.T. Holman (Editor). Pergamon Press, New York, p. 82. 

C.Y. Hopkins, Nuclear magnetic resonance in fatty acids and glycerides, in R.T. Holman (Ed.), Progress in the Chemistry of Fats and other Lipids, Vol. VIII, Part 2, Pergamon, New York, 1966, pp. 213-252. 

Bathydoris hodgsoni can be found in the deep waters of the Weddell Sea. This nudibranch elaborates the drimane sesquiterpene hodgsonal (Structure 7.78) and sequesters it in its mantle tissues.50 164The nudibranch Tritoniella belli collected from McMurdo Sound is the only documented example of an Antarctic mollusc sequestering defensive chemistry from its diet.44 Among the glyceride esters (Structures 7.79-7.81) isolated from this species, chimyl alcohol (Structure 7.79) can also be found in one of its prey items, the stoloniferan coral Clavularia frankliniana. Sequestration of these defensive chemicals is opportunistic, however, and other, still undescribed metabolites are more commonly associated with defense in this mollusc.49... 

Only one report of Antarctic soft coral secondary metabolite chemistry has appeared in the literature. As described above, the stoloniferan coral Clavularia frankliniana has been demonstrated to produce fatty glyceride esters, chimyl alcohol (Structure 7.79) in particular, that are also found in its predator, the nudibranch Tritoniella belli.44 Chimyl alcohol has been investigated in ecological bioassays and has been implicated in deterring predation by the omnivorous sea star Odontaster validus.44... 

Gunstone F. D. (1967). An Introduction to the Chemistry and Biochemistry of Fatty Acids and Their Glycerides. London Chapman Hall. 

Small, D. 1986. Glycerides. In The Physical Chemistry of Lipids From Alkanes to Phospholipids, 2nd edn (D. Small, ed.), pp. 345-392, Plenum Press, New York. 

Figure 2-9 Calculated Values for Glyceride Types in Random Distribution (Solid Lines) and Even Distribution (Dotted Lines). Source From F.D. Gunstone, An Introduction to the Chemistry of Fats and Fatty Acids, 1967, Chapman and Hall.

Small, D.M., Glycerides, in The Physical Chemistry of Lipids, from Alkanes to Phospholipids, Handbook of Lipid Research Series, Vol. 4, edited by D.J. Hanahan, Plenum Press, New York, 1986, pp. 475-522. 

Lipid chemistry contains many instances of semi-synthesis in the chemistry of the fatty vitamins, prostaglandins and leukotrienes, the phospholipids, and the glycerides with their structural relatives. 

It is in this class of compounds that the practice of semi-synthesis particularly in the industrial sphere of single or two-step operations is pre-eminent and traditional. The preparation of soap, monoglycerides, or their sulphates, the fatty alcohols, amides and numerous other functional compounds many of which are examples of nucleophilic substitution almost entirely devolve on the reactions of glycerides many of which are examples of nucleophilic substitution. The range of these tranformations particularly with reference to recent developments in surfactant chemistry has been summarised (ref. 100) and discussed with regard to edible applications (ref.101). 

L. Fischer, Professor Emeritus of Biochemistry at the University of California in Berkeley. He had devoted to science a full lifetime that yielded a series of brilliant accomplishments, particularly in the synthetic and structural chemistry of the asymmetric glycerides, the inositols, and the carbohydrates. 

The glyceride esters of the long-chain fatty acids are not strictly speaking hydrocarbons , and the catalytic chemistry and technology of fat hardening is therefore not treated in this work however, the alkyl side-chains behave exactly as... 

D. Q. M. Craig. The u-se of glycerides as controlled release matrices. In D. R. Karsa, R. A. Stephenson, eds. Excipients and Delivery Systems for nurmaceutical Formulations. London Royal Society of Chemistry. 19%. pp. 148-173. 

The structural chemistry of the natural waxes is somewhat less well-defined than the structural chemistry of the oils and fats (glycerides). While the more common straight-chain materials are defined by their names, for example, octacosanol, 28-carbon alcohol, there is still some doubt about the structures of some of the less conventionally named natural waxes. Opinions have differed for many years as to the exact strnctures of some of these componnds (e.g., montanyl alcohol, which may actually be a mixture of alcohols having different carbon nnmbers) and thus the carbon nnmber of some of these waxes with the less descriptive names may certainly be open to qnestion. 

Adapted from Gunstone, F.D. (1967) An Introduction to the Chemistry and Biochemistry of Fatty Acids and their Glycerides, p. 14, Chapman and Hall, London, and Eissler, R.L. and Hagemann, J.W. (1979) Fatty Acids (ed. E.H. Pryde) p. 173, American Oil Chemists Society, Champaign. 

Analysis of the fatty acid profile of the extracted fat is now almost exclusively carried out using gas-liquid chromatography (GLC). Standard methodology for this technique is detailed by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC). It involves the saponification of the extracted fat to break down glycerides, with the liberated fatty acids being esterified in the presence of methanol and boron trifluoride. Fatty acid methyl esters are then extracted with heptane and analyzed using GLC with flame ionization detection. 

Hoq, M. M., H. Tagami, T. Yamane, and S. Shimizu. 1985. Some Characteristics of Continuous Glycerides Synthesis by Lipase in Microporous Hydrophobic Membrane Bioreactor. Agricultural and Biological Chemistry 49 (2) 335-342. 

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