Glutamic acid, brain

Rainbow TC, Wieczorek CM, Halpain S (1984b) Quantitative autoradiography of binding sites for [ HjAMPA, a structural analogue of glutamic acid. Brain Res., 309, 173-177. 

Asada, H, Kawamura, Y, Maruyama, K, Kume, H, Ding, RG, Kanbara, N, Kuzume, H, Sanbo, M, Yagi, T and Obata, K (1997) Cleft palate and decreased brain y-aminobutyric acid in mice lacking the 67-kDa isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 94 6496-6499. 

Marien, M., Brien, J., and Jhamandas, K., Regional release of [3H]dopamine from rat brain in vitro effects of opioids on release induced by potassium nicotine, and L-glutamic acid, Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol., 61, 43, 1983. 

Ji, F., Kanbara, N., and Obata, K. (1999) GABA and histogenesis in fetal and neonatal mouse brain lacking both the isoforms of glutamic acid decarboxylase. Neurosci. Res. 33, 187-194. 

Kanner, B. I. and Bendahan, A. (1982) Binding order of substrates to the sodium and potassium ion coupled L-glutamic acid transporter from rat brain. Biochemistry 21,6327-6330. 

Peat, M. A., and Gibb, J. W. (1983) The effects of phencyclidine on glutamic acid decarboxylase activity in several regions of the rat brain. Neurosci. Lett., 35 301-306. 

Sasaki K, Flatta S, Flaga M, Ohshika H. (1999). Effects of bilobalide on gamma-aminobutyric acid levels and glutamic acid decarboxylase in mouse brain. EurJ Pharmacol. 367(2-3) 165-73. 

Toth E, Sershen H, et al (1992) Effect of nicotine on extraceUular levels of neurotransmitters assessed by microdialysis in various brain regions role of glutamic acid. Neurochem Res 17(3) 265-271... 

Merremosides B (13) and D (15) exhibited antiserotonergic activity in mice with Dgo values of 10 pg/cm and 2 pg/cm, (c/., promethazine, Dgo 2 pg/cm ) (24). Intraperitoneal administration to mice of tyrianthins VI (91), VIII (scammonin VI, 68), and IX (93) resulted in antidepressant activity. Also, the activities of tryanthi-nic acids I (94) and II (95), and the macrolactones scammonins I (63) and II (64), and tyrianthins VI (91), VIII (68), and IX (93) exhibited dose-dependent protective effects against pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures. Tyrianthin VI (91) and scammonin II (64) produced relaxant effects on spontaneous contractions in the isolated rat ileum. Finally, the administration of compounds 68 and 93-95 to mouse brain slices induced increments in the release of GABA and glutamic acid 48). 

Commons K, Valentio R (2002) Cellular basis of substance P in the periaqueductal gray and dorsal raphe nucleus. J Comp Neurol 447 82-97 Conti L, Pinder R (1979) A controlled comparative trial of mianserin and diazepam in the treatment of anxiety states in psychiatric outpatients. J Int Med Res 7 185-189 Coyle J, Leski M, Morrison J (2002) The diverse roles of L-glutamic acid in brain signal transduction. In Davis K, Charney D, Coyle J, Nemeroff C (eds) Neuropsychopharmacology and the fifth generation of progress. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, Philadelphia, pp 71-90... 

Guidotti, A., Auta, J., Davis, J.M., Gerevini, V.D., Dwivedi, Y., Grayson, D.R., Impagnatiello, E, Pandey, G., Pesold, C., Sharma, R., Uzunov, D., and Costa, E. (2000) Decrease in reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) expression in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder a postmortem brain study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 57 1061-1069. 

A marked and initial loss of long pyramidal neurons in layer II has been observed in the brain cortex. These neurons are predominantly involved in the corticocortical connections and probably use aspartic and glutamic acid as neurotransmitters (Maragos et al. 1987). 

SNA does not affect the concentrations of histamine and glutamic add, but It decreases the activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase and reduces the concentrations of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) In rat brain. 5 GABA release Is Inhibited by acute administration, but not by chronic treatment. 5 SNA Increases serum creatinine phosphoklnase content In stressed rats. Recently, SNA was found to decrease methionine-enkephalin content In the medulla oblongata and mldbraln In the mouse, whereas other areas remained unaffected.48... 

These also presumably lead to a transient quinonoid-carbanionic intermediate. Addition of a proton at the original site of decarboxylation followed by breakup of the Schiff base completes the sequence. Decarboxylation of amino acids is nearly irreversible and frequently appears as a final step in synthesis of amino compounds. For example, in the brain glutamic acid is decarboxy-lated to y-aminobutyric acid (Gaba),193 196b while 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (dopa) and 5-hydroxy-... 

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