Glutamate aspartate

FIGURE 14.22 Glutamate aspartate aminotransferase, an enzyme conforming to a double-displacement bisnbstrate mechanism. Glutamate aspartate aminotransferase is a pyridoxal phosphate-dependent enzyme. The pyridoxal serves as the —NH, acceptor from glntamate to form pyridoxamine. Pyridoxamine is then the amino donor to oxaloacetate to form asparate and regenerate the pyridoxal coenzyme form. (The pyridoxamine enzyme is the E form.)... 

Glutamate aspartate exchange Acyl-carnitine exchange Calcium/sodium exchange Calcium... 

Figure 12-13. Malate shuttle for transfer of reducing equivalents from the cytosol into the mitochondrion. Ketoglutarate transporter , glutamate/aspartate transporter (note the proton symport with glutamate).

NMDA receptor agonists are typically short-chain dicarboxylic amino acids such as glutamate, aspartate and NMDA. Acting at a site on the NR2 subunit, glutamate is the most potent endogenous agonist in the... 

Storck, T., Schulte, S., Hofmann, K., and Stoffel, W. (1992) Structure, expression, and functional analysis of a Na+-dependent glutamate/aspartate transporter from rat brain. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89, 10955-10959. 

Tolner, B., Poolman, B., Wallace, B., and Konings, W. N. (1992) Revised nucleotide sequence of the gltP gene, which encodes the proton-glutamate-aspartate transport protein of Escherichia coli K-12. J. Bacteriol. 174, 2391-2393. 

F Albericio, E Nicolas, J Rizo, M Ruiz-Gayo, E Pedroso, E Giralt. Convenient syntheses of fluorenylmethyl-based side chain derivatives of glutamic, aspartic, lysine and cysteine. Synthesis 119, 1990. 

If 15N ammonium citrate was administered, and glutamate, aspartate, and glycine isolated from liver and intestinal wall protein, all showed 15N uptake. From the results of labeling studies, Schoenheimer finished his Edward K.Dunham lectures in Harvard in 1941 with the phrase— the structural materials [of the body] are in a steady state of flux. The classical picture must thus be replaced by one which takes account of the dynamic state of body structure —an idea which has become an integral part of biochemistry since that time, and which was almost totally dependent on the introduction of isotopes for its discovery. 

The amino acid neurotransmitters are subdivided into primarily excitatory (glutamate, aspartate) and inhibitory (y-aminobutyric acid, GABA, glycine) types. 

A5 and C primarily project to lamina II and V of the dorsal horn, where they synapse onto local interneurons or directly onto upward-projecting neurons (figure 8.1). These primary afferents release a number of neurotransmitters to relay pain, including glutamate, aspartate, substance P, neurokinin A and B, and calcitonin gene-related peptide (table 8.1). NMDA, non-NMDA and neurokinin receptors are involved in re-... 

L. J. Reitzer, Ammonia Assimilation and the Biosynthesis of Glutamine, Glutamate, Aspartate, Asparagine, L-alanine, and D-alanine. In Escherichia coll and Salmonella, Cellular and Molecular Biology F. C. Neidhardt, Ed. ASM Press Washington, DC, 1996 Vol. 1, pp 391 07. 

At least five amino acids - glutamine, glutamate, aspartate, asparagine and arginine - are metabolised largely within the enterocytes of the small intestine. The reactions involved in their metabolism are ... 

Three amino acids, glutamate, aspartate and glycine, are neurotransmitters. 

Type / neurotransmitters These are the fast-acting neurotransmitters, which include glutamate, aspartate, 4-aminobutyrate and glycine. Around 90% of synapses in the brain use this class of neurotransmitter. 

The stepwise stability constants for V complexes with glutamic, aspartic, W -ethylenediaminedisuccinic, and W -ethylenediamine-bis-(a-glutaric acid) have been reported.The 1 1 oxovanadium(iv) complex of 5-nitrosalicylic acid has been characterized = 710 nm), and the mixed species formed between vanadium(iv) with protocatechuic acid (H3L ) or gallic acid (H L ) and 4-aminoantipyrine (aant) have been identified spectroscopically as the 1 1 1 and 1 2 2 HL (HL ) aant complexes. The species present in solutions of and tartaric acid below pH 2 have been identified as [VO-... 

This enzyme [EC 2.6.1.1] (also known as transaminase A, glutamicioxaloacetic transaminase, and glutamic aspartic transaminase) catalyzes the reversible reaction of aspartate with a-ketoglutarate to produce oxaloace-tate and glutamate. Pyridoxal phosphate is a required cofactor. The enzyme has a relatively broad specificity, and tyrosine, phenylalanine, and tryptophan can all serve as substrates. 

Domoic acid (shellfish) Glutamate, aspartate Loss of memory... 

Amino adds such as glutamate, aspartate, and glycine. 

Plasma should be separated from the blood cells within a few hours. For most amino acids the levels in plasma and red cells are comparable, but glutamate, aspartate, and taurine have extremely high intracellular levels and thus tend to rise in plasma upon hemolysis. A second effect of red cell degradation is the liberation of the enzyme arginase, which will convert arginine into ornithine. 

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