A-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors

Sato K, Kiyama H, Tohyama M (1993) The differential expression patterns of messenger RNAs encoding non-A-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor subunits (GluRl-4) in the rat brain. Neuroscience 52 515-539. 

Standaert DG, Testa CM, Young AB, Penney Jr JB (1994) Organization of A-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor gene expression in the basal ganglia of the rat. J Comp Neurol 343 1-16. 

Acronyms and abbreviations PHSl, Physician s Health Study I CHAOS, Cambridge Heart Antioxidant Study ATBC, Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention Stirdy NHS, Nurses Healtli Study CVD, cardiovascular disease ALS, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis NMD A, A-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors. 

Eastwood SL, Kerwin RW, Harrison PJ. 1997b. Immunoautor-adiographic evidence for a loss of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyi-4-isoxazole propionate-preferring non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors within the medial temporal lobe in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 41 636-643. 

HA also protects primary neuronal cell culture and animals from glutamate toxicity. Glutamate activates A-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors and increases the flux of calcium ions into the neurons,whereas calcium at toxic levels can kill the cells. Pretreatment of primary neuronal cells with HA reduced glutamate- and OP-induced toxicity and decreased neuronal death.The consequence of excitatory amino-acid-induced overstimulation has been implicated in a variety of acute and... 

The somata of neurons respond to axotomy by chromatolysis in the adult 112 those of neonates are more sensitive and degenerate.113 The release of neurotoxins from reactive glia in damaged neuropil (see above) also causes neuronal cell death. Within wounds there are elevated titres of the excitotoxic amino acids, glutamate and aspartate,114 released from damaged neurons and glia,115 which activate A-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on neurons. The resulting raised intracellular levels... 

Mick G (1995) Non-7V-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors in glial cells and neurons of the pineal gland in a higher primate. Neuroendocrinology 67 256-264. 

Patton AJ, Genever PG, Birch MA, Suva LJ, Skerry TM (1998) Expression of an A-methyl-D-aspartate-type receptor by human and rat osteoblasts and osteoclasts suggests a novel glutamate signaling pathway in bone. Bone 22 645-649. 

Blackstone CD, Moss SJ, Martin LJ et al (1992) Biochemical characterization and localization of a non-N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor in rat brain. J Neurochem 58 1118-1126... 

Compounds that have agonistic properties at glutamate or aspartate receptors are also CNS stimulants, readily cause convulsions, and presumably could also be employed as analeptics. Three separate excitatory amino acid receptor subtypes have been characterized pharmacologically, based on the relative potency of synthetic agonists. These three receptors are named for their respective prototypical agonists A/-methyl-D-aspartate [6384-92-5]... 

NMDAR. A-methyl-D-aspartate receptor—an ionotropic receptor for glutamate. It plays a critical role in synaptic plasticity mechanisms and thus is necessary for several types of learning and memory. 

Status epilepticus occurs because the brain fails to stop an isolated seizure. The exact reason for this failure is unknown and probably involves many mechanisms. A seizure is likely to occur due to a mismatch of excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters in the brain. The primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain is glutamate. Glutamate stimulates postsynaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors in the brain, causing an influx of calcium into the cells and depolarization of the neuron. Sustained depolarization may maintain SE and eventually cause neuronal injury and death.7 The primary... 

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