Biochemistry Since

If 15N ammonium citrate was administered, and glutamate, aspartate, and glycine isolated from liver and intestinal wall protein, all showed 15N uptake. From the results of labeling studies, Schoenheimer finished his Edward K.Dunham lectures in Harvard in 1941 with the phrase— the structural materials [of the body] are in a steady state of flux. The classical picture must thus be replaced by one which takes account of the dynamic state of body structure —an idea which has become an integral part of biochemistry since that time, and which was almost totally dependent on the introduction of isotopes for its discovery. 

Mass spectrometry has played a role in biochemistry since the early 1940s when it was introduced for use in following isotopic labels during metabolism.199-20 However, it was not until the 1990s that suitable commercial instruments were developed to permit mass spectrometry using two new methods of ionization. The techniques are called matrix-assisted laser desorption / ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) and electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry. 

The ICO has been an Associated Organization of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry since 1970 and an Interest Group of the International Union of Biochemistry since 1982. The plenary lectures of the Carbohydrate Symposia between 1972 and 1998 were printed in Pure and Applied Chemistry. 

Cytochrome c (cyt. c) has become a major protein for testing new approaches and techniques in protein science.1 This is partly due to the venerable position that cytochrome c holds in the field of biochemistry since it was isolated and characterized more than 70 years ago. Cyt. c was one of the first proteins to be sequenced,2 and to have its X-ray structure determined in 1967.3 Cyt. c also has the advantage of stability and a spectroscopically distinct heme group. More than 23,000 articles mentioning cyt. c were published between 1945-2002 (ISI Web of Science). Here, we describe an approach to tetraphenylporphyrin-based protein surface receptors and the characterization of their interactions with the principal target cyt. c. 

Thomas Schreckenbach is a general partner and member of the Executive Board of Merck KGaA in Darmstadt, Germany. He is responsible for the Chemicals business sector, some Asian countries, and the Chemicals business in North America. He graduated from the University of Munich with a doctoral thesis in biochemistry. Since 1992 he has held a professorship in biochemistry at the Technical University of Darmstadt, and he has an honorary doctorate from the University of Southampton. 

J. S. Fruton, Selected Bibliography of Biographical Data for the History of Biochemistry since 1800, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, PA, 1974. 

The mesoscopic size regime is also relevant to organic chemistry and biochemistry since many biological mechanisms, including information transmission across cell membranes, ribosomal protein synthesis, mitochondrial energy conversion, and enzymatic reactions, occur within complexes at the mesoscopic level. For construction of functional mesoscopic structures from organic and biological components, bottom-up... 

Possible toxic reactions of sulfur dioxide are also indicated in Table I. The reaction of bisulfite with aldehydes has a classic position in biochemistry since Neuberg demonstrated in 1918 that the products of fermentation by yeast were altered by the addition of sodium sulfite, which caused the production of equal amounts of the bisulfite addition compound of acetaldehyde and of glycerol. This was concomitant with the blockage of conversion of acetaldehyde to ethanol. Addition compounds can also be formed with quinones and with ,/ -unsaturated compounds. None of these reactions has been adequately assessed as a possible contributor to toxicity. 

A major addition to the second edition is Chapter 9, which discusses computational enzymology. This chapter extends the coverage of quantum chemistry to a sister of organic chemistry—biochemistry. Since computational biochemistry truly deserves its own entire book, this chapter presents a flavor of how computational quantum chemical techniques can be applied to biochemical systems. This chapter presents a few examples of how QM/MM has been applied to understand the nature of enzyme catalysis. This chapter concludes with a discussion of de novo design of enzymes, which is a research area that is just becoming feasible, and one that will surely continue to develop and excite a broad range of chemists for years to come. 

In addition to biological and retroactive approaches to molecular target definition, one can also return to classical approaches of cell metabolism and biochemistry. Since these suggest single targets, they can be inefficient. Chemical genetics approaches have recently been explored with libraries of molecules and precisely defined organisms. 

With only four types of building block available, the primary structure of DNA is far less varied than the primary structure of proteins. As a result, it was long thought that DNA only had a minor role to play in cell biochemistry, since it was hard to see how such an apparently simple molecule could have anything to do with the mysteries of the genetic code. 

This was one of the far-reaching discoveries in biochemistry, since nitrogen fixation is of similar importance to life on Earth as photosynthesis. Although the atmosphere consists of 78% of molecular nitrogen, its access for chemical conversion is not simple. 

The determination of absolute configurations is now a central and routine part of research in organic chemistry and biochemistry. Since the publication of the second edition of the Atlas in 1978, many hundred further important determinations have been carried out, more than justifying the present publication of an extensive supplement. 

Enzyme engineering is one of the ujr-and-coming fields in chemistry and biochemistry. Since the 1990 s, the use of enzymes in industrial and academic chemistry has greatly increased. There are... 

Abstract Transformation of epoxides is a key step for numerous processes important both for synthetic organic chemistiy and biochemistry. Since experimental methods are restricted by the fixation of sonrce compoimds, intermediates and prod-nets of reactions, quantum chemical calculations serve as the only direct approach for prediction of the structure and energy of transition states thus clarifying detailed mechanisms of chemical reactions. This chapter stunmarizes resrrlts of quantum chemical investigation of epoxides transformation mechanisms in alkaline, neutral and acidic environments. Special attention has been paid to stereo- and regiochem-istry of the processes, influence of solvation effects and natrrre of catalytic action of mono- and bidentate acids. 

Chromatography has been the primary preparative separation method in biology and biochemistry since 1906, when the Italo-Russian botanist Tswett separated the pigments of chlorophyll by passing petroleum ether extracts of plant material through a column packed with powdered chalk. In the 1930s, column chromatography became an important tool for the separation of natural products... 

Pregnane derivatives not only are important in their own right but also occupy a central position in steroid biochemistry since they serve as precursors of steroids possessing other types of biological activities, such as the androgenic and estrogenic hormones in vertebrates and the cardenolides, possibly also the bufadienolides (Tschesche and Brassat, 1965) and certain alkaloids in plants and animals. 

F. Haurowitz, Progress in Biochemistry Since 1949, pp. 1-25, Karger Verlag, Basel, 1959. Lloyd L. Ingraham, Biochemical Mechanisms, Wiley, New York, 1962. 

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