Glucoside oils

A more recent addition to the Hst of shale protective water-base muds is a system developed around concentrated solutions of methyl glucoside [3149-68-6]. At concentration of 25% by weight and above, methyl glucoside appears to stabilize water-sensitive shales on pat with a typical oil- or synthetic-base mud (122). Eady field trials have been encouraging but much remains to be done before this material is considered a success (123). 

Sterols are present in concentrations of 0.2—0.4% in the oils. Compositions are given in Table 5. The sterols exist in the seeds in four forms free, estetified, nonacylated glucosides, and acylated glucosides. Soybeans contain a total of 0.16% of these sterol forms in the ratio of ca 3 1 2 2 (27) (see... 

Sulfoxides occur widely in small concentrations in plant and animal tissues, eg, aHyl vinyl sulfoxide [81898-53-5] in garlic oil and 2,2 -sulfinylbisethanol [3085-45-8] as fatty esters in the adrenal cortex (1,2). Homologous methyl sulfinyl alkyl isothiocyanates, which are represented by the formula CH3SO(CH2) NCS, where n = 3 [37791-20-1], 4 [4478-93-7], 5 [646-23-1], 8 [75272-81-0], 9 [39036-83-4], or 10 [39036-84-5], have been isolated from a number of mustard oils in which they occur as glucosides (3). Two methylsulfinyl amino acids have also been reported methionine sulfoxide [454-41-1] from cockroaches and the sulfoxide of i -methylcysteine, 3-(methylsulfinyl)alaiiine [4740-94-7]. The latter is the dominant sulfur-containing amino acid in turnips and may account in part for their characteristic odor (4). 

Phenyl-2-propen-l-ol [104-54-1], commonly referred to as cinnamyl alcohol, is a colorless crystalline soHd with a sweet balsamic odor that is reminiscent of hyacinth. Its occurrence in nature is widespread as, for example, in Hyacinth absolute (Hyacinthus orientalis) (42), the leaf and bark oils of cinnamon Cinnamomum cassia, Cinnamomum lancium, etc), and Guava fmit [Psidiumguajava L.) (43). In many cases it is also encountered as the ester or in a bound form as the glucoside. 

Most essential oils appear to be evolved directly in the form of terpenic or non-terpenic compounds separable from the plant tissues in the same form as they exist therein. A considerable number, however, are evolved in the form of complex compounds known as glucosides, in which the essential oil complex is present, but wherein the essential oil itself does not exist in the free state. 

The glucosides are compounds, which, under the influence of hydrolytic agents are decomposed into glucose or an allied aldose or ketose, and one or more other bodies, which, in the cases under consideration, form constituents of essential oils. The hydrolytic agents which bring about these changes are soluble ferments, such as diastases, enzymes and similar... 

Firstly, there are those cases where the hydrolysis takes place within the plant itself during the life of the plant, so that the essential oil is actually a product, in the free state, of the metabolic processes of the living plant and secondly, there are those cases where the glucoside is not decomposed except by artificial processes, independent of the life of the plant. 

In the case-of most plants where the essential oil is due to a glucosidal decomposition, the products are of a non-terpenic character, but this is not invariably the case. 

Two glucosides have been separated from the roots of Primula officinalis by Goris, Mascr6, and Vischniac, which have been termed primeverin and primulaverin, and which are both hydrolysed, yielding the two constituents of the essential oil. 

Hydrocyanic acid, HCN, also known as prussic acid, or formo-nitrile, is the product of decomposition of numerous glucosides found in a very large number of plants, usually together with some other volatile compound, so that essential oils containing hydrocyanic acid do not, for practical purposes, exist in the first instance as such in the plant, but are only developed on the decomposition of the glucoside. 

Allyl isothiocyanate, CHj CH. CH N C S, also known as artificial mustard oil, is the principal constituent of natural oil of mustard. This body results from the hydrolysis of the glucoside sinigrin under the influence of the ferment myrosin, according to the equation—... 

Glucobrassicin is a mustard oil glucoside found in various Bras-sica spp. (50). 3-Indoleacetonitrile (IAN) is released from glucobrassicin by the action of the enzyme myrosinase at pH 4.0. How-... 

Apigenin-7-di-O-p-D-xyloside Apigenin-7-O-glucoside Dried Arachidic acid Sd oil 0.3% ... 

Katsuzaki, H., M. Kawasumi, S. Kawa-kishi, and T. Osawa. Structure of novel antioxidative lignan glucosides isolated from sesame seed. Biosci Biotech Biochem 1992 56(12) 2087-2088. Chen, E. C. F., S. S. K. Tai, C. C. Peng, and J. T. C. Tzen. Identification of three novel unique proteins in seed oil bodies of sesame. Plant Cell Physiol... 

Achillea alpina L. A. millefolium L. Shi Cao (Siberian yarrow) (aerial part) Alkaloids, essential oils, achillin, flavonoides, betonicine, achilleine, d-camphor, oxalic acids, ether oils, hydroxycinnamic acids, hydrocyanic acids, hydroxybenzoic acids, anthocyanidines, anthraquinones, phytosterines, carotene, coumarins, monoterpene, sesquiterpene glucosides, desacetylmatricarin.33-222-450 Antibacterial, treat menopause, abdominal pain, acute intestinal disorder, wound infection, snakebite. 

Ardisia japonica (Hornst.) Blume Ai Di Cha or Pin Di Mu (Marlberry) (whole plant) Bergenine glucoside, essential oil.33 Antitussive, antiphlegm, promotes blood circulation, hemostatic. 

Bletilla hyacinthina R. Br. B. striata (Thunb.) Reichb. Bai Ji (Amethyst orchid) (tuber) Gelatin, essential oil, stilbenoids, blespirol, blestrianol, phenanthrene glucosides, bisphenanthrene theres 33.434.491,492,493,494,495 Hemostatic, promotes leukocyte and platelet aggregation. Treat hematuria, blood splitting, primary hepatic carcinoma, antimicrobial. 

Dracocephalum integrifolium L. Quao Ye Ging Lan (aerial plant) Essential oil, flavone glucoside.33 Antitussive, antiasthmatic, antiphlogistic, antibacterial. 

Fortunella crassifolia Swingle F. japonica (Thunb.) Swin. F. margarita (Lour.) Swin. Jin Gan Yuan Jin Gan Jin Ju (Kumquat) (whole plant) Glucosides, galactose, essential oil, pentosane, vitamin C.60 Antiphlogistic, antivinous, carminative, deodorizing, stimulant. 

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