Glucose water loss

Hydration formulations are used to maintain hydration or treat dehydration. They can be administered by mouth or feeding tube. The glucose content of these formulations can decrease fecal water loss and generate a positive electrolyte balance. 

Metformin. Metformin [657-24-9] (1,1-dimethylbiguanide), mol wt 129.17, forms crystals from propanol, mp 218—220°C, and is soluble in water and 95% ethanol, but practically insoluble in ether and chloroform. Metformin, an investigational dmg in the United States, does not increase basal or meal-stimulated insulin secretion. It lowers blood glucose levels in hyperglycemic patients with Type II diabetes but has no effect on blood glucose levels in normal subjects. It does not cause hypoglycemia. Successful metformin therapy usually is associated with no or some weight loss. 

Possibly the most serious nutrition problem in the United States is excessive food consumption, and many people have experimented with fad diets in the hope of losing excess weight. One of the most popular of the fad diets has been the high-protein, high-fat (low-carbohydrate) diet. The premise for such diets is tantalizing because the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle (see Chapter 20) is the primary site of fat metabolism, and because glucose is usually needed to replenish intermediates in the TCA cycle, if carbohydrates are restricted in the diet, dietary fat should merely be converted to ketone bodies and excreted. This so-called diet appears to work at first because a low-carbohydrate diet results in an initial water (and weight) loss. This occurs because... 

Diarrhea, reduced food and water consumption, body weight loss, decreased blood glucose levels, and disrupted hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidases in mice receiving 10 mg/kg body weight daily (Fujimori et al. 1983). 

While the dog is a carnivore, it is able to adapt to an omnivorous diet. Requirements for dietary sources of energy, amino acids, glucose precursors, fatty acids, minerals, vitamins, and water have been established based on recommendations by the National Research Council (NRC, 1985). Adult beagles maintained in a laboratory environment function well with one feeding of standard laboratory chow per day. In safety assessment testing, however, some compounds may induce serious dietary deficiencies through induced loss of appetite, malabsorption, or vomiting, and, in these cases, it may be advisable to provide a dietary supplement. 

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