Global profiling

Reinke V et al. A global profile of germline gene expression in C. elegans. Mol Cell 2000 6 605-618. 

S. M. Hanash, Global profiling of gene expression in cancer using genomics and proteomics,... 

Lipid analyses include both global profiling of the main lipid classes and targeted methods for specific lipid classes which are usually not covered by the global methods due to their low concentrations (e.g., eicosanoids, steroids), instability, or other physicochemical features. Different analytical methods are typically needed for these two approaches. 

Global lipid profiling methods typically cover molecular lipid species from the major classes of lipids such as cholesteryl esters, ceramides, mono-(MG), di- (DG), and TGs, and membrane PLs, for example, sphingomyelins (SMs), PCs, phosphatidylethanolamines (PEs), PSs, and lysophospholipids. In targeted lipid analysis, specific lipid classes that are poorly covered by the global profiling methods are usually analyzed. These lipids include steroids, sterols, bile acids, fatty acids, signaling lipids such as eicosanoids, and ceramides, as well as polar lipids and inositol lipids. 

Selected examples of analytical methods used for the determination of global profiling of lipids are listed in Table 5. Extraction is usually based on simple liquid extraction, using modified Folch or Blight and Dyer extraction (4,5). For more acidic lipids, such as PSs and phosphatidic acids, adjustment of the pH in the aqueous phase is required. The analysis is most typically performed with LC-MS in RPLC mode, with the UHPLC methods gradually replacing the conventional HPLC methods. HRMS systems, such... 

TABLE 5 Typical Applications on Global Profiling of Lipids by LC-MS... 

Hanash, S. (2004). Integrated global profiling of cancer. Nat. Rev. Cancer 4, 638-644. 

LeNaour, E., Brichory, E., Jang, J. H., Zhao, R., Puravs, E., Tea, J., Michael, C. W., Misek, D. E., Hanash, S. M. (2003). Global profiling of the cell surface proteome of cancer cells uncovers an abundance of proteins with chaperone function.. Biol. Chem. 278, 7607-7616. 

Global profile comparisons are also useful for comparing complex samples and were used to differentiate the pyrograms for different composite materials such as microorganisms. A simple global comparison is commonly obtained using a similarity index. There are various ways to calculate such an index. One procedure [42a], which is aimed to qualitatively compare two chromatograms A and B, uses the relation ... 

Activity-based Protein Profiling (ABPP) - A Chemical Strategy for the Global Profiling of Enzyme Activities in Complex Proteomes... 

I,et US see the different pes of interactums that can exist widiin a protein. This can be done by looking lo the global profile ofthe onission intend vrith leiupcialwe (-40 to 30X) ofa protein. 

Finally, it is important to indicate that the global profiles are slightly affected in presence of ligands. 

For sialylated ai-acid glycoprotein, although the intensity modifications with temperature can be explained by the presence of different types of quenching, the global profile is more complex than in the asialylated protein as the result of the difference in the local structures, around mainly the surface Trp residue. 

Figure 1. Global profile of the adsorption of humidity fnesented by three samples of non-bleached krafi woodpulp, showing the exponential regression curves in die two first r mes of adsorption.

Pasikanti KK, et al. Development and validation of a gas chromatography/mass spectrometry metabonomic platform for the global profiling of urinary metabolites. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2008a 22 2984-2992. 

The simultaneous dissolution profile of two compounds with overlapped spectra has been solved using different mathematical approaches. Derivative spectrophotometry is a solution used for the couples sulfadiazine-trimethoprim, amitriptyline-perphenazine, sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim, amoxicilline-bromhexine, and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. This strategy has been used to obtain three dissolution profiles, namely, the standard (global) profile and two individual profiles such as sulphamethoxazole-trimethoprim or hydrochlorothiazide-captopril. 

Surprisingly, in contrast with the early success of H-NMR spectroscopy in wine analysis (see Wine section of SNIF-NMR), H-NMR has not been used on whole wine samples until very recently. Although the possibility of quantifying methanol in wine was proved in the early 1990s, it was only a decade later that the field took off, with many minor compounds identified in whole wine samples and with chemo-metrics helping to rationalize the global profile of the H-NMR spectrum of wine samples. The same trend is paralleled with spectra for other alcoholic beverages like beer. 

As recently described [6,7], immunoaffinity purification has emerged as the most frequently employed method for multiprotein complex purification. Its success is based on the principle that multiple members of a complex may be captured when one complex member is enriched, regardless of whether the com-plexed proteins are directly bound to the target protein. Additionally, purification of posttranslational modifications has been used extensively to globally profile modified proteins throughout cellular networks [8,9] and... 

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