Glaucoma characterized

Examples of alkaloid of relative pharmaceutical usefulness so far characterized from Rutaceae are pilocarpine from Pilocarpus jaborandi Holmes. This imidazole alkaloid is occasionally used to treat glaucoma. 

Glaucomas are ocular disorders characterized by changes in the optic nerve head (optic disk) and by loss of visual sensitivity and field. 

Antiglaucomic. Preventing the eye diseases characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure, which causes pathological changes in the optic disk and typical defects in the field of vision (glaucoma). 

Physostigmine (eserine sulfate) causes miosis and spasm of accommodation it also lowers intraocular pressure and hence can be used in the treatment of wide-angle glaucoma. As it is lipid soluble, it penetrates into the brain rapidly, raises the acetylcholine concentration and, in toxic amounts, may cause cholinergic CNS toxicity, which is characterized by restlessness, insomnia, tremors, confusion, ataxia, convulsions, respiratory depression, and circulatory collapse. These effects are reversed by atropine. 

Glaucoma is a disease characterized by increased intraocular pressure. Muscarinic stimulants and cholinesterase inhibitors reduce intraocular pressure by causing contraction of the ciliary body so as to facilitate outflow of aqueous humor and perhaps also by diminishing the rate of its secretion (see Figure 6-9). In the past, glaucoma was treated with either direct agonists (pilocarpine,... 

Band keratopathy was first described in 1848 and is a chronic degenerative condition characterized by the deposition of calcium carbonate salts in the superficial corneal layers, most frequently in the interpalpebral area. Although there are many reported cases of idiopathic band keratopathy, some of which seem to have a hereditary component, the most common causes are associated with chronic ocular inflammation and systemic conditions resulting in altered calcium metabolism. Band keratopathy is typically seen in eyes with chronic uveitis, severe superficial keratitis, corneal ulcers, chemical burns, interstitial keratitis (IK), trachoma, phthisis bulbi, and prolonged glaucoma. The chronic anterior uveitis of juvenile idiopathic arthritis is frequently associated with band keratopathy, with one study reporting its development in 66% of patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. 

On 26 September 2001 OrthoMacneil/Jansen-Cilag issued a Dear Doctor letter about an ocular syndrome in patients taking topiramate. The syndrome is characterized by acute myopia and secondary angle-closure glaucoma. Several case reports have been published (22-24). 

Glaucoma—Any of a group of ocular disorders that lead to an optic neuropathy characterized by changes in the optic nerve head (optic disk) that is associated with loss of visual sensitivity and field. Open angle and closed angle are the two major types of glaucoma. 

There are three common eyes disorders glaucoma, conjunctivitis, and comeal abrasion. Glaucoma is characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure that, if left untreated, can damage the optic nerve and lead to blindness. 

Pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a degenerative systemic disorder that is primarily characterized by deposits of distinct fibrillar material on the surfaces lining the anterior and posterior chambers of the eye, although these are most easily visualized on the lens capsule. The disease is often associated with cataract and severe high-intraocular pressure glaucoma that result in rapid deterioration of the optic nerve. 

Tawara A, Inomata H. Distribution and characterization of sulfated proteoglycans in the trabecular tissue of goniodysgenetic glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 1994 117 741-755. 

Similar to the examples discussed in CHEC-II(1996) <1996CHEC-II(6)637>, condensation reactions remain the primary methods for the synthesis of benzothiazines. 1,2,3-Benzothiazine-l,1-dioxides were synthesized successfully via intramolecular condensation of a thiophene sulfonic acid hydrazide with a carbonyl group in moderate to high yields (Schemes 2 and 3) <1995USP5464831>. The products 19 and 22 were characterized using mass spectrometry and proton NMR spectroscopy. These compounds are important in the treatment of glaucoma (see Section 9.04.12). 

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