Glass capillaries, gas chromatography and

The conventional approach to solvent extraction is the batch method. Early work with this method was hampered by the low concentration of the compounds present and the relative insensitivity of the methods of characterization. Thus lipids and hydrocarbons have been separated from seawater by extraction with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate. The fractionation techniques include column and thin-layer chromatography with final characterisation by thin-layer chromatography, infrared, and ultra-violet spectroscopy and gas chromatography. Of these techniques, only gas chromatography is really useful at levels of organic matter present in seawater. With techniques available today such as glass capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, much more information could be extracted from such samples [20]. 

Larsson, M. and Roos, C. 1983. Determination of C1-C4 fatty acids as p-bromoacyl esters using glass-capillary gas chromatography and electron-capture detection. Chromatographia 17 185-190. 

Skarping G, Renman, L, Smith BE. 1983. Trace analysis of amines and isocyanates using glass capillary gas chromatography and selective detection I. Determination of aromatic amines as perfluoro fatty acid amides using electron-capture detection. J Chromatogr 267(2) 315-327. 

Eleven PAH were quantified by means of glass capillary gas chromatography and two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography coupled with in situ fluorescence spectrometry. 

Determination of Trace Levels of a Ring-Substituted Aniline in Blood by Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography and Electron Capture Detection Second Chem. Congr. of the North American Continent, ACS, Las Vegas, Nev., August 1980, Program Abstr. No. ANAL-196... 

Simultaneous Determination of Di-phenylhydantoin and Its Metabolites in Maternal Plasma, Urine, and Fetal Tissues of Man by Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography and Selected Ion Monitoring... 

Investigation of the Metabolic Pattern in Maple Syrup Urine Disease by Means of Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry J. Chromatogr. 143(1) 31-38 (1977) ... 

Urine of the Newborn by Combined Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry Monatsh. Chem. 106(6) 1415-1428 (1975) CA 84 56039w... 

Jakobs, C., Solem, E., Ek, J., Halvorsen, K. and Jellum, E. (1977), Investigation of the metabolic pattern in maple symp urine disease by means of glass capillary gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. J. Chromatogr., 143,31. 

Ballschmiter K. and M. Zell. 1980. Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) by glass capillary gas chromatography. Fres. Z. Analyt. Chem. 302 20-31. 

Xie [39] determined trace amounts of chlorophenols and chloroguaiacols in marine sediments collected off the Swedish coast. The compounds were desorbed from sediment surfaces by a mixture of acetic anhydride and hexane, after buffering with O.lmol L 1 sodium carbonate. The optimal pH was achieved by a 1 4 ratio of buffer to acetic anhydride. The acetylated extracts were analysed by glass capillary gas chromatography with electron capture detection. The recoveries, at the pg kg-1 level, ranged from 85-100% with standard deviations of 4-11%. 

Gas Chromatographic Analysis. We used temperature programmed glass capillary gas chromatography to separate PCB residues. Use of an electron capture detector required an efficaceous sample cleanup for isomer quantitation (27). These combined techniques offered enhanced separations and enabled us to identify and quantitate individual PCB constituents (jL> 27). Schwartz (27) separated more than 100 constituents from a 1 1 1 1 mixture of Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260. 

Arrendale RF, Severson RF, Chortyk OT, et al. 1982. Analyses of mono- and dihydroxybenzenes in tobacco smoke and pyrolzates by glass capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatography Sci 20(3) 136-143. 

Jennings, W. G. Shibamoto, T. Qualitative Analysis of Flavor and Fragrance Volatiles by Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography Academic Press New York, NY, 1980. 

Skarping G, Dalene M, Mathiasson L. 1988. Trace analysis of airborne 1,6-hexamethylenediisocyanate and the related aminoisoeyanate and diamine by glass capillary gas chromatography. J Chromatogr 435(3) 453-468. 

In this paper application of glass capillary gas chromatography (GC) alone and in conjunction with mass spectrometry... 

W. Jennings and T. ShSoaxnoto, Qualitative Analysis of Flavor andFragrance Volatiles by Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1980 also includes retention indexes and mass spectral data. 

Farrell TJ. 1980. Glass capillary gas chromatography of chlorinated dibenzofurans, chlorinated anisoles, and brominated biphenyls. J Chromatogr Sci 18 10-17. 

Ballschmiter, K. Zell, M. (1980). Analysis of polychlorinated biphenyls by glass capillary gas chromatography composition of technical Aroclor and Clophen-PCB mixtures. Fresenius Zeitschrift fiir Analytische Chemie, 302, 20-31. 

Verzele, M., Redant, G., Qureshi, S., and Sandra, P. (1980). High temperature quantitative glass capillary gas chromatography. J. Chromatogr. 199, 105-112. 

Bjorseth, A., "Analysis of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Environmental Samples by Glass Capillary Gas Chromatography," "Carcinogenesis-A Comprehensive Survey," Vol 3., "Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons, D.W. Jones and R.I. Freudenthal, Eds., pp. 75-83, Raven Press, New York, 1978. 

Tsuge S, Sugimura Y, Kobayashi T and Nagaya T (1981) Microstructural characterization of various copolymers by pyrolysis-glass capillary gas chromatography. Polym Prepr Am Chem Soc, Div Polym Chem) 22(1) 284—5. 

Badings, H.T. De Jong, C. Glass capillary gas chromatography of fatty acid methyl esters. A study of conditions for the quantitative analysis of short- and long-chain fatty acids in lipids. J. Chromatogr. 1983, 279, 493-506. 

Bohn et al.17 used glass capillary gas chromatography in investigations of illicit heroin samples and obtained good separation of heroin, 6-0-monoacetylmorphine, acetylcodeine and caffeine on a 12 m by 0.3 mm I.D. glass capillary coated with Triton X 303 (Merck) and temperature programming from 200°C to 250°C. 

GLASS CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY OF QUININE AND RELATED ALKALOIDS2... 

Floberg et al. applied glass capillary gas chromatography for the analysis of theophylline and caffeine in plasma. The alkaloids were analyzed as such, or after derivatization. 

A number of heroin seizures in Munsterland (G.F.R.) were analyzed by Bohn et al. with glass capillary gas chromatography. With a 12 m long column by 0.3 mn I.D. coated with Triton X 350 and temperature programming (200-250°C) a good separation was obtained for heroin, 6-0-acetylmorphine, morphine, acetyl codeine, caffeine and the internal standard, dotriacon-tan. The heroin samples contained heroin (19.1-58.2 %), 6-0-acetylmorphine (1.0-7.3 %), acetylcodeine (2.4-9.8 %), caffeine (26.5-64.3 %) and strychnine (0-1.26 %). 

Glass capillary gas chromatography was used by Christophersen and Rasmussen also for heroin. Whereas morphine, codeine, mono-acetyl morphine and ethylmorphine were derivatized with N,0-bis(trimethylsilylJacetamide with flash heater derivatization, heroin was not derivatized, but it was well separated from the other compounds mentioned, as well as caffeine and strychnine, which were found in the heroin samples analyzed. 

Christophersen and Rasmussen10 included caffeine in a study on glass capillary gas chromatography of narcotic drugs, using SE-30 as stationary phase and temperature programming up to 250°C. 

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