Glands, human

The normal thyroid gland (human) contains about 200 MCG of T-4, and 15 MCG of T-3 per gram)... 

Sheep vesicular gland Human semen Cat thymus Dog spinal cord... 

Human and baboon gastric mucosa and submaxillary glands human milk from blood group B subjects... 

Gal-(j8, l- 4)-Glc (lactose) Fuc-(a, l- 2)-Gal-Glc Canine mammary gland, human submaxillary glands and gastric mucosa Section V3... 

Adesanya MR, Redman RS, Baum BJ and O Connell BC (1996). Immediate inflammatory responses to adenovirus-mediated gene transfer in rat salivary glands. Human Gene Therapy, 7 1085-93. 

Iodine occurs to a minute extent (less than 0.001 %) in sea water, but is found in greater concentration, combined in organic form, in certain seaweeds, in oysters and in cod livers. Crude Chile saltpetre, or caliche contains small amounts of sodium iodate, NalOj. from which iodine can be obtained (see below). Some insoluble iodides, for example liiose of silver and mercury(II), occur in Mexico. Iodine is found in the human body in the compound thyroxin in the thyroid gland deficiency of iodine in diet causes enlargement of this gland (goitre). 

Farm animals produce recombinant proteins less expensively than bacteria or cells in culture because the farm animals produce large volumes of milk containing up to 5 g/L of recombinant protein. In addition, modifications to the proteins that can be performed only by mammalian cells are made by the cells of the mammary gland. Therefore, numerous pharmaceuticals that previously could only be made by cells in culture or extracted from human tissue or blood are being produced by lactating farm animals. 

Natural Product hGH. In 1944 the preparation of a highly purified growth hormone from bovine pituitary glands was reported (37). Subsequendy, growth hormones derived from animal pituitaries were found to be ineffective in humans the existence of specificity among species for growth hormone was thus estabUshed. 

Zinc. The 2—3 g of zinc in the human body are widely distributed in every tissue and tissue duid (90—92). About 90 wt % is in muscle and bone unusually high concentrations are in the choroid of the eye and in the prostate gland (93). Almost all of the zinc in the blood is associated with carbonic anhydrase in the erythrocytes (94). Zinc is concentrated in nucleic acids (90), and found in the nuclear, mitochondrial, and supernatant fractions of all cells. 

The main role of the human thyroid gland is production of thyroid hormones (iodinated amino acids), essential for adequate growth, development, and energy metaboHsm (1 6). Thyroid underfunction is an occurrence that can be treated successfully with thyroid preparations. In addition, the thyroid secretes calcitonin (also known as thyrocalcitonin), a polypeptide that lowers excessively high calcium blood levels. Thyroid hyperfunction, another important clinical entity, can be corrected by treatment with a variety of substances known as antithyroid dmgs. 

Relatively Httie is known about the bioavailabiUty of pantothenic acid in human beings, and only approximately 50% of pantothenic acid present in the diet is actually absorbed (10). Liver, adrenal glands, kidneys, brain, and testes contain high concentrations of pantothenic acid. In healthy adults, the total amount of pantothenic acid present in whole blood is estimated to be 1 mg/L. A significant (2—7 mg/d) difference is observed among different age-group individuals with respect to pantothenic acid intake and urinary excretion, indicating differences in the rate of metaboHsm of pantothenic acid. 

Plasma levels of 3—5 p.g/mL are obtained two hours after adraiinistration of 200 mg ketoconazole. No accumulation in the bloodstream was noted after a 30-wk treatment with this dose. The half-life is approximately eight hours. When ketoconazole is taken with meals, higher plasma levels are obtained. Distribution studies using radioactive ketoconazole in rats show radioactivity mainly in the Hver and the connective tissue. Radioactivity is also present in the subcutaneous tissue and the sebaceous glands. After one dose of 200 mg in humans, ketoconazole is found in urine, saUva, sebum, and cenimen. Like miconazole, the mode of action is based on inhibition of the cytochrome P-450 dependent biosynthesis of ergosterol. This results in disturbed membrane permeabiUty and membrane-bound enzymes (8,10,23,25). 

Himdin [8001-27-2] is a polypeptide of 66 amino acids found ia the saUvary gland secretions of the leech Himdo medicinalis (45). It is a potent inhibitor of thrombin and biads to y-thrombia with a dissociation constant of 0.8 x 10 ° M to 2.0 x lO " M. Himdin forms a stable noncovalent complex with free and bound thrombin completely iadependent of AT-III. This material has now been cloned and expressed ia yeast cells (46,47). Its antigenic poteatial ia humans remains to be estabUshed. 

Sweating, the other powerful heat loss mechanism actively regulated by the thermoregulatory center, is most developed in humans. With about 2,6 million sweat glands distributed over the skin and neurally controlled, sweat secretion can vary from 0 to 1 I7(h m ). The other, lesser, passive evaporative process of the skin is from the diffusion of water. The primary resistance to this flow is the stratum corneum or outermost 15 pm of the skin. The diffusion resistance of the skin is high in comparison to that of clothing and the boundary layer resistance and as a result makes water loss by diffusion fairly stable at about 500 grams/day. 

Anthropologic features of humans, their physical activities, ventilation capacities, and the state of their circulation all affect exposure to chemical compounds. Some of the physiological determinants of exposure will be dealt with below. Exercise typically increases cardiac output, facilitates circulation, increases the minute volume of ventilation, is associated with vasodilation of the skin circulation, and increases perspiration and secretory activity of the sweat glands. All of these changes tend to facilitate the absorption of chemicals through multiple routes. 

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