Given, Peter, work

One of the dominant issues in coal structure to re-emerge in the past decade is the two-phase concept of coal structure. A very spirited discussion of this topic was a feature of the 1989 symposium (48-52V Peter Given played a central role in the recent work on the two-phase concept, particularly in fostering the usage of the terms "mobile phase" and "macromolecular network" (23.53-551 and in organizing the "debate in print" (54V which has become a landmark papers in coal structure. In particular, the debate in print (24) was cited by all of die contributors to the 1989 discussion of the mobile phase (48-52V Given s work on the mobile phase was a... 

In 1986, Peter Given organized a debate in print by several contributing authors on the nature and extent of the mobile phase as interpreted from NMR studies (2). He had planned a sequel which was intended to update the NMR work and to introduce findings from other types of investigation. The second debate was completed after Peter Given s death and was published in tribute to his contributions to coal science (2). 

Since the earliest days of coal liquefaction processing and research, the need for correlations of coal properties with coal reactivity under direct hydroliquefaction conditions has been recognized by coal scientists. This article traces the history of reactivity correlations from the earliest work of Bergius through the classic work at the Bruceton Bureau of Mines during the 1940 s to the most recent advances in this subject. Particular emphasis in this review is placed on an examination of the contributions of Professor Peter Given and his co-workers. Reactivity methodologies and techniques for correlation are presented and critically evaluated for utility and applicability as predictive tools. 

About 25 years ago, a major conference on coal science was held at The Pennsylvania State University. The papers presented at that conference were subsequently published as Coal Science, an out-of-print volume in the Advances in Chemistry Series of the American Chemical Society. Some of the chapters in that volume are still cited in current literature, a testament to the quality and continuing relevance of that work to the field of coal science. The conference organizer, Peter Given, had come to Penn State a few years earlier after a 10-year career with the British Coal Utilization Research Association. Even then. Given had established a reputation as a significant contributor to coal science. In the following years, he came to be recognized as one of the dominant coal scientists of the post-World War II era. 

Peter H. Given Whereas Tschamler and Fuks, and Peover studied more or less pure vitrinites, Mazumdar apparently worked with whole coals. Moreover, Indian coals, being from Gondwanaland strata, are most probably of very different petrographic composition compared with European and North American coals (rich in exinites and inert macerals See p. 284). Quite apart from the question whether sulfur dehydrogenation really is free of side reactions, there may well be a spread of data at any level or rank because of petrographic differences. 

Peter H. Given I should like to remark on model structures for coals. Chemists have often been criticized for offering information about coal structure based on experiments with whole coals or with imperfectly characterized materials. Even when one works with what is believed to be reasonably pure materials, there may be questions raised. 

The authors are grateful to their colleagues and friends, most notably Stephen Hanessian, Otto Liideritz, Andras Neszmelyi, Helmut Brade, Barbara and Klaus Jann, Peter Taylor, and Ernst Th. Rietschel for advice and assistance freely given, and for communication of results prior to publication. The work of C. Kratky has been supported by the 6sterreichischer Fonds zur... 

Oxidative phosphorylation is the name given to the synthesis of ATP (phosphorylation) that occurs when NADH and FADH2 are oxidized (hence oxidative) by electron transport through the respiratory chain. Unlike substrate level phosphorylation (see Topics J3 and LI), it does not involve phosphorylated chemical intermediates. Rather, a very different mechanism was proposed by Peter Mitchell in 1961, the chemiosmotic hypothesis. This proposes that energy liberated by electron transport is used to create a proton gradient across the mitochondrial inner membrane and that it is this that is used to drive ATP synthesis. Thus the proton gradient couples electron transport and ATP synthesis, not a chemical intermediate. The evidence is overwhelming that this is indeed the way that oxidative phosphorylation works. The actual synthesis of ATP is carried out by an enzyme called ATP synthase located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (Fig. 3). 

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