Ginseng American

Ginseng Panax species Asian ginseng, Korean ginseng, American ginseng)... 

Kiefer D and Pantuso T (2003) Panax ginseng. American Family Physician 68(8) 1539-1542. 

Korean ginseng, Asian ginseng, Oriental ginseng, Chinese ginseng (Muller and Clauson, 1998), Japanese ginseng, American ginseng (Awang, 1991)... 

Vuksan V, Sievenpiper JL, Koo YYY, Francis T, Beljan-Zdravkovic U, Xu Z and Yidgen E (2000). American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius L.) reduces postprandial glycemia in nondiabetic subjects and subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Archives of Internal Medicine, 160, 1009-1013. 

Another popular herbal dietary supplement that has a long history of use for medicinal purposes is ginseng. Much like Echinacea, three primary species of ginseng exist for therapeutic consumption Panax ginseng (Asian ginseng), Panax notoginseng and Panax quinquefolius (American ginseng). These herbal varieties can be readily authenticated... 

Wang, M. et al., Immunomodulating activity of CVT-E002, a proprietary extract from North American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium), J Pharm Pharmacol, 53, 1515, 2001. 

McElhaney, J.E. et al., A placebo-controlled trial of a proprietary extract of North American ginseng (CVT-E002) to prevent acute respiratory illness in institutionalized older adults, J Am Geriatr Soc, 52, 13, 2004. 

Yuan, C.S. et al., Brief communication American ginseng reduces warfarin s effect in healthy patients A randomized, controlled Trial, Ann Intern Med, 141, 23, 2004. 

TABLE 1.2 The content of ginsenosides (mg/kg fresh weight) in different root sections [diameter 0.5-2.5 mm (root hairs) 5.0-10.0 mm (lateral) 15.0-20.0 and >20.0-38.0 mm (main roots)] of fresh roots from 6-year-old Panax quinquefolium (American ginseng) plants grown in Denmark (Christensen et ai, 2006)... 

FIGURE 1.9 Ginseng roots from 6-year-old American ginseng plants (Panax quinquefo-lium) grown in Denmark with root hairs, lateral roots, and main roots. Ginseng roots within the same species may not only differ in content of ginsenosides but also in root size. 

Christensen, L. P., Jensen, M., and Kidmose, U. (2006). Simultaneous determination of ginsenosides and polyacetylenes in American ginseng root (Panax quinquefolium L.) by high-performance liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 8995-9003. 

Corbit, R. M., Ferreira, J. F. S., Ebbs, S. D., and Murphy, L. L. (2005). Simplified extraction of ginsenosides from American ginseng (Panax quinquefoUus L.) for high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet analysis. /. Agric. Food Chem. 53, 9867-9873. 

Du, X. W., Wills, R. B. H., and Stuart, D. L. (2004). Changes in neutral and malonyl ginsenosides in American ginseng Panax quinquefolium) during drying, storage and ethanolic extraction. Food Chem. 86,155-159. 

Li, W., and Fitzloff, J. F. (2001). Determination of 24(R)-pseudoginsenoside F in North American ginseng using high performance liquid chromatography with evaporate light scattering detection. /. Pharm. Biomed. Anal. 25, 257-265. 

Ligor, T., Ludwiczuk, A., Wolski, T., and Buszewski, B. (2005). Isolation and determination of ginsenosides in American ginseng leaves and root extracts by LC-MS. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 383,1098-1105. 

Ludwiczuk, A., Wolski, T., and Berbec, S. (2002). Chromatographic analysis of ginsenosides occurring in the roots of American ginseng (Panax quinqu olium L.) and in Asian ginseng (Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer) preparations. /. Planar Chromatogr. 15,147-150. 

Nakamura, S., Sugimoto, S., Matsuda, H., and Yoshikawa, M. (2007b). Medicinal flowers. XVll. New dammarane-t rpe triterpene glycosides from flower buds of American ginseng, Panax quinqu oUum L. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 55,1342-1348. 

Popovich, D. G., and Kitts, D. D. (2004a). Generation of ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 from North American ginseng. Phytochemistry 65, 337-344. 

Ren, G., and Chen, F. (1999). Simultaneous quantification of ginsenosides in American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium) root powder by visible/near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy. /. Agric. Food Ghent. 47, 2771-2775. 

Sievenpiper, J. L., Arnason, J. T., Leiter, L. A., and Vuksan, V. (2003a). Variable effects of American ginseng A batch of American ginseng (Panux quinquefolius L.) with a depressed ginsenoside profile does not affect postprandial glycemia. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 57, 243-248. 

Wang, C.-Z., Wu, J. A., McEntee, E., and Yuan, C.-S. (2006a). Saponins composiKon in American ginseng leaf and berry assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography. /. Agric. Food Chem. 54, 2261-2266. 

Wood, J. A., Bernards, M. A., Wan, W., and Charpentier, W. (2006). Extraction of ginsenosides from North American ginseng using modified supercritical carbon dioxide. J. Supercrit. Fluids 39,40-47. 

American ginseng is the species Panax quinquefolius (figures 5.4 and 5.5) (Tyler 1994 Gruenwald et al. 1998). It grows in several parts of the... 

American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius). Reprinted with permission from Hobbs, C. (1996). Ginseng The Energy Herb. Loveland, CO Botanica Press. 

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