Gilead

Balm of Gilead [8022-26-2] also known as Balsam Mecca (Merck No. 958), obtained from Arabia and Abyssinia, has been used in perfumery. 

Ambrisentan (Letairis) Gilead, USA ETA receptor Grade II and III PAH (designated orphan medicine in 2005, US approval in 2007)... 

D VISTIDE (Pharmacia USA Vistide (Gilead Science) Upjohn)... 

Vistide Cidofovir injection Gilead Sciences Cytomegalovirus retinitis in AIDS patients... 

Bridges, Vincent and Jay Weidner. A monument to the end of time alchemy, Fulcanelli and the Great Cross. Mt Gilead (NC) Aethyrea Books, 1999. ISBN 0-9702739-0-8... 

Gilead Sciences—Randall Britton Corkey, Randall Halcomb, Richard Mackman, Paul Roethle... 

Editor Manoj C. Desai Medicinal Chemistry Gilead Sciences, Inc. Foster City California... 

Gilead, S., and Gazit, E. (2005). Self-organization of short peptide fragments From amyloid fibrils to nanoscale supramolecular assemblies. Supramol. Chem. 17, 87-92. 

The neuramidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate was discovered by Gilead Sciences and developed by Roche Pharmaceuticals under the name of Tamiflu (Scheme 5.13) to be used as an orally active antiviral compound for prevention and treatment of influenza infections. Because of the recent emergence of the avian flu, the demand for Tamiflu has gained momentum. Two industrially feasible syntheses are known, starting from (—)-shikimic acid and (—)-quinic acid, respectively (Scheme 5.13) [45]. 

These plans envision assembling a portfolio of in-licensed drug candidates for which collective development risk is deemed to be relatively low. The idea is to in-license molecules that either are too specialized (small market potential) for large pharma or are not visible to their radar because they come from places like Eastern Europe. These stories are favorites of professional investors, because rNPVs can be calculated with relatively low development risk on the basis of demonstrated clinical utility and/or pipeline diversity. Examples include Dura Pharmaceuticals, who marketed prescription products that treat infectious and respiratory diseases, and Gilead who marketed antiviral nucleotides discovered in the Czech Republic. 

Gilead Z, Jeng YH, Wold WS, Sugawara K, Rho HM, Harter ML, Green M. 1976. Immunological identification of two adenovirus 2-induced early proteins possibly involved in cell transformation. Nature 264 263-266. 

The three commercially available AmB formulations differ in their morphology, their composition, and, consequently, their biological activity. AmBisome (developed by Nexstar Pharmaceuticals, commercially available from Gilead Sciences) is a true liposome formulation, consisting of small, unilamellar vesicles (9). Their small size confers a prolonged circulation time... 

For the purposes of comparison, commercial AmB-lipid formulations were obtained as follows. Amphotec was obtained from Intermune (U.S.A.). AmBisome and Abelcet were kind gifts from Gilead Sciences (Foster City, California, U.S.A.) and Zedeus Pharma (Versailles, France), respectively. Ampholiposomes (cationic oligolameller liposomes containing AmB) were supplied by the Pharmacie Centrale des Hopitaux (Paris, France). 

Corey, E. J. Kim, C. U. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972, 94, 7586. Choung U. Kim now works at Gilead Sciences Inc., a company specialized in antiviral drugs in Foster City, CaUfomia, where he co-discovered oseltamivir (Tamiflu). 

Gilead Sciences Press release 22 Febmary 2010. Available at http //www. gilead.com. 

USAN Oseltamivir phosphate Trade name Tamiflii Company Gilead, Roche Launched 1999 M.W. 312.4 (parent)... 

Tamifiu and Relenza did not sell well at first for common fiu, because doctors and the public choose the fiu vaccine for prevention. Therefore, antivirals as treatment were not profitable, so much so that Roche scaled back their marketing efforts for Tamifiu. Gilead accused Roche of a consistent record of inactivity and neglect and wanted to take back its right in 2005. The issue was settled after Roche increased their compensation to Gilead. 

Scheme 7.1. Gilead synthesis of GS-4071 (7) from (-)-shikimic acid (8).

Scheme 7.3. Gilead s first process route to oseltamivir phosphate (1).

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