Gibraltar

Imported Inorganic Chemical Elements, Oxides and Halogen Salts in Gibraltar, 

Country of Origin Rank Value (000 US ) % Share Cumulative % 

Source Philip M. PARKER, Professor, INSEAD, copyright 2002, www.icongrouponline.com 

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Ocean prevents eutrophication. Much more water flows into the Mediterranean Sea than is required to replace evaporation from it. The excess, high salinity water exits Gibraltar below the water flowing in af fhe surface. Nufrients that enter the Mediterranean Sea from pollution sources are utilized by marine phytoplankton that sinks and exits with the outflow. Another example is that estuaries often have lower salinity or even freshwater at the surface with a denser saline layer at the bottom. An estuarine circulation occurs with nutrients being trapped in the saline bottom water. 

The largest evaporate basin formed in recent geological history is the Mediterranean basin. A closed, or almost closed, basin formed when mountain building blocked the Straits of Gibraltar some 6 million years ago. Before the Straits opened again, half a million years later, a layer of 1 kilometer of evaporates had accumulated on the basin floor. 

In my essays it was stated that the people of Europe would approach each other economically more closely after the war. In the patent field, I said, internal conditions in Europe bordered on the ridiculous. There were no fewer than thirty different patent systems in Europe I said. The Vatican had its own patent laws. The City of Gibraltar, the Island of Malta, and even the tiny Channel Islands between England and France had their own patent laws. 

Values for the Mediterranean Sea are taken from Gibraltar and Toulon (France)... 

During this time, global cooling led to an intense ice age that caused sea level to drop below the level of the Gibraltar Sill, isolating the Mediterranean Sea from the Atlantic Ocean. Arid conditions promoted evaporation, transforming the Mediterranean into a series of large inland lakes. As these lakes dried up, an enormous volume (1 x lo km ) of evaporites was deposited. 

The modern Mediterranean Sea has a water volume of 3.7 x lo km. Net evaporation presently occurs at a rate of 3 3 x 10 km /y. If the Straits of Gibraltar were exposed today, the present-day Mediterranean Sea would dry up in about 1000 y. Assuming an average salinity of 37%o and a seasalt density of 2.165 g/cm, the Mediterranean would have had to been refilled and evaporated at least 15 times to accoimt for the volume of salt in the Messinian evaporites (1 x 10 km ). The evaporites on the margins of the Mediterranean Sea tend to be thinner than the deposits in the middle and deepest parts of the basin, which are up to 1600 m in thickness. In some limited areas on the eastern side of the basin, thicknesses up to 3500 m have been observed ... 

Thus, the Mediterranean Sea must have been refilled in an episodic fashion such that conditions favoring shallow-water evaporite deposition were rapidly reattained. Some geologists have proposed that this was achieved via periodic inflows of seawater from the Atlantic Ocean over the exposed Gibraltar Sill into a nearly dry Mediterranean Sea basin. This must have taken the form of a waterfeU hundreds of meters in height The episodic nature of this process is reflected in the repeating evaporite sequences foimd throughout the Messinian deposits. 

As the story goes, the Phoenicians set sail westward through the Straits of Gibraltar and discovered what were then known as the tin islands somewhere in the Adantic Ocean. Because this was a rich find of an essential metal, they kept the source a secret. It is now believed that they actually found tin on the coast of England in a section we now know as Cornwall, which still produces tin ore. 

From unpolluted areas From moderately Hg-polluted areas From highly polluted areas Swordfish, Xiphius gladius Muscle NW Atlantic Peru Pacific W. Atlantic Gibraltar Strait... 

Figure 19.1 Examples of noninterface boundaries. ( ) The thermocline between the epilimnion and the hypolimnion of Greifensee (Switzerland) characterized by a strong change of water temperature (line) and a corresponding distinct gradient of atrazine concentration (dots), a herbicide. From Ulrich et al., 1994. (b) The tropopause is the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere while the stratopause separates the stratosphere from the mesosphere, (c) The Straight of Gibraltar represents a boundary between the saline water of the Mediterranean and the less saline North Atlantic. The lines denote zones of constant salinity (standard salinity units). From Price et al., 1993.

Statistics.—Gum-arabic is imported either direct from Alexandria, Smyrna, Tripoli, Mogadons, Tangiers, et cetera or seoond-hand from those places through Gibraltar, Malta, and the Italian ports. 

Pandolfi M, Gonzalez-Catanedo Y, Alastuey A, de la Rosa JD, Mantilla E, Querol X, Pey J, Amato F, Moreno T (2011) Source apportionment of PM10 and PM2.5 at multiple sites in the strait of Gibraltar by PMF impact of shipping emissions. Env Sci Poll Res 18 260-269... 

Morocco, on the north coast of Africa directly across the Strait of Gibraltar from Spain, is the closest country to Western Europe where marijuana is extensively grown and used by the inhabitants. It is a poor country, with the per capita income less than 200 per year. Morocco obtained its independence from Spain and France only in 1956. Marijuana is grown in quantity by the mountain-dwelling "unaccultur-ated" Berber tribes in the Rif Mountains and is sold in the partially Westernized coastal plains. 

Figure 4.13. Elements of the global water balance with the role of the ocean taken into account. Notations wA0L, wA0P, wA0I, wA0P precipitation Hpo, Hop Straits of Gibraltar Rp, Rj, RL rivers EPA, E1A, EPA, ELA evaporation Apl, A1P the Antarctic Current MP1 the Cape Igolny Current CPj the East-Australian Current fiPL Bering Strait 1LP Arctic ice DPP Drake Passage IP Antarctic ice NPI Indonesian seas Slf> Sfl straits.

Fig. 2.8.137Cs in air after Chernobyl accident. Geometric means of measurements at Chilton, Gibraltar, Tromso and HongKong (Cambray et al., 1987). 

It is extremely unlikely, however, that Galen actually carried out his research on apes. In fact, apes were not widely available for examination in Europe until about the sixteenth century. In all probability, the so-called Barbary ape of North Africa and Gibraltar is what Galen used. This ape is, in fact, a macaque monkey, which was presumably the first primate experimented upon. Among Galen s discoveries was the observation, in a live animal, that cutting a particular nerve in the neck (known to come from the lower brain) abolished movement of the larynx. After the fall of Rome, learning fell into disrepute in Europe until the thirteenth century. While this may have been a dark period for civilization, it undoubtedly served as a respite for experimental animals. 

CEPSA DISCOUNT DIESEL PETROCAN Cepsa Quimica SA CEPSA Gibraltar... 

CEPSA Gibraltar COMPANIA ESPANOLA DE PETROLEOS SA (CEPSA)... 

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