Giauque, William

Ghiorso, Albert, 515 Giauque, William, 174 Gibbs, J. Willard, 459 Gibbs-Helmholtz equation The relation AG = AH - TAS, 459,461,474q Gillespie, R. J., 175 Glucose... 

Under his guidance, the chemistry department at Berkeley became perhaps the most prestigious in the country. Among the faculty and graduate students that he attracted were five future Nobel Prize winners Harold Urey in 1934, William Giauque in 1949, Glenn Seaborg in 1951, Willard Libby in 1960, and Melvin Calvin in 1961. 

Low-temperature research requires hard work and imagination, but successful advances are richly rewarded. Seven Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry have been awarded for low-temperature research. The first, in 1913, went to the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who discovered how to cool He gas to 4.2 K and convert it into a liquid. The American William Giauque received the 1949 prize in chemistry and the Russian Pyotr Kapitsa won the 1978 prize in physics. Each was honored for a variety of discoveries resulting from low-temperature research, and each developed a new technique for achieving low temperature. 

William F. Giauque United States low temperature thermodynamics... 

Flynn. T.M. Cryogenic Engineering. Marcel Dckker. Inc., New York, NY, 1996. Giauque, W.F "Low Temperature. Chemical, and Magneto Thermodynamics The Scientific Papers of William F. Giaquc." Giauque Sci. Papers F. 1969. 

Adolf Butenandt For his work on sex hormones. 1949 nature of the serum proteins. William F. Giauque... 

William Francis Giauque (1895-1982), United States. For his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behavior of substances at extremely low temperatures. ... 

Nor was oxygen immune, hi 1929, the American chemist William Francis Giauque (1895- ) succeeded in showing that oxygen was made up of three isotopes. The most common variety, comprising nearly 99.8 per cent of all the atoms, was oxy-gen-16. Its nucleus contained 8 protons plus 8 neutrons. The rest were almost all oxygen-18 (8 protons plus 10 neutrons) with a trace of oxygen-17 (8 protons plus 9 neutrons). 

Adiabatic demagnetization (William Francis Giauque) Adiabatic demagnetization is part of a refrigeration cycle that, when used enough times, can chill a small sample to within a fraction of a kelvin above absolute zero. 

The technique of adiabatic demagnetization can be used to obtain temperatures below 1 K. This method, suggested by Peter Debye in 1926 and independently by William Giauque in 1927, requires a paramagnetic solid in which ions with unpaired electrons are sufficiently separated that at 1 K the orientations of the magnetic dipoles are almost completely random. Gadolinium(III) sulfate octahydrate, Gd2(804)3 8H2O, is commonly used. 

Giauque was bom in Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada, but as his father was a citizen of the United States, William was able to adopt American citizenship. His father worked as a weighmaster and station agent for the Michigan Central Railroad in Michigan. 

William F. Giauque. Some Consequences of Low Temperature Research in Chemical Thermodynamics Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1949. Online at http //nobelpr ize. org/nobel prizes/chemistry/laureates/1949/giauque-lecture,pdf. 

Kenneth S. Pitzer and David A. Shirley, William Francis Giauque. In Biographical... 

Anthony N. Stranges, William Francis Giauque An Adventure in Low-Temperature Research. /. Chem. Educ., 67, 187-193 (1990). 

The discovery that ordinary carbon is composed of three isotopes was made by William Giauque in 1929. Carbon-14 was isolated in 1940, and by 1945 Willard Libby had formulated the carbon-14 dating method, still the most commonly known radiochemical chronometric (time-measuring) method. As represented in... 

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