Kapitsa, Pyotr

Low-temperature research requires hard work and imagination, but successful advances are richly rewarded. Seven Nobel Prizes in physics and chemistry have been awarded for low-temperature research. The first, in 1913, went to the Dutch physicist Heike Kamerlingh Onnes, who discovered how to cool He gas to 4.2 K and convert it into a liquid. The American William Giauque received the 1949 prize in chemistry and the Russian Pyotr Kapitsa won the 1978 prize in physics. Each was honored for a variety of discoveries resulting from low-temperature research, and each developed a new technique for achieving low temperature. 

Pyotr Kapitsa, Arno Penzias, Robert Woodrow Wilson 1923 Robert A. Millikan... 

Planotron (Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa) Kapitsa invents a ms netron tube for generating microwaves. He becomes a corecipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1978 for discovering superfluidity in liquid helium. 

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