Giauque, William Franci

William Francis Giauque (1895-1982), United States. For his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behavior of substances at extremely low temperatures. ... 

Nor was oxygen immune, hi 1929, the American chemist William Francis Giauque (1895- ) succeeded in showing that oxygen was made up of three isotopes. The most common variety, comprising nearly 99.8 per cent of all the atoms, was oxy-gen-16. Its nucleus contained 8 protons plus 8 neutrons. The rest were almost all oxygen-18 (8 protons plus 10 neutrons) with a trace of oxygen-17 (8 protons plus 9 neutrons). 

Adiabatic demagnetization (William Francis Giauque) Adiabatic demagnetization is part of a refrigeration cycle that, when used enough times, can chill a small sample to within a fraction of a kelvin above absolute zero. 

Kenneth S. Pitzer and David A. Shirley, William Francis Giauque. In Biographical... 

Anthony N. Stranges, William Francis Giauque An Adventure in Low-Temperature Research. /. Chem. Educ., 67, 187-193 (1990). 

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