Germany printed materials

The positive resist materials evolved from discoveries made by the Kalle Corporation in Germany who developed the first positive-acting photoresist based on the use of a novolac matrix resin and a diazoquinone photoactive compound or sensitizer. The original materials were designed to produce photoplates used in the printing industry. These same materials have been adopted by semi-conductor fabrication engineers and continue to function effectively in that more demanding application. 

Zhicinski, I., Rabaeva, J., and Lewandowski, A. Drying of foamed materials. In Modem Drying Technology (E. Tsotsas and A.S. Mujumdar, Eds.), WHey-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, Vol. 5, (2014-in print). 

Only a very limited number of standard methods are reported in which sublimation is an important aspect. These comprise an ASTM standard for measurement of sublimation from thermionic emitters, and two standards from Germany and Japan testing the stability of dyes and printing inks to sublimation. The first covers the determination of the quantity, rate, and identity of sublimed, evaporated, or sputtered materials, whilst the latter two are concerned with textile materials and semimanufactured products. 

The company BASF (Germany) has launched the production of poly-ethersulfone labeled Ultrason E [169] representing amorphous thermoplastic product of polycondensation it can be characterized by improved chemical stability and fire-resistance. The pressed articles made of it differ in solidity and rigidity at temperature 200 °C. It is assumed to be expedient to use this material when producing articles intended for exposure to increased loadings when the sizes of the article must not alter at temperatures from -100 °C till 150 °C. These items are, for instance in electrotechnique, coils formers, printing and integrated circuits, midspan joints and films for condensers. 

Another successfid polythiophene derivative is poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)-poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOTrPSS) (Fig. 25.4) developed in the 1980s by Bayer AG Germany. Since David Nilsson et al. realized electrochemical organic transistors by using PEDOTrPSS in 2002 (Nilsson et al., 2002), PEDOTrPSS has become the most widely used material in flexible and printing organic electronics (Andersson et al., 2007 Invemale et al., 2010). 

Raw materials are procured from three buying offices in the UK, China and the Netherlands and most of the materials are supplied from India, China, Mauritius, Turkey, Morocco and also from New Zealand, Australia, Italy and Germany. Approximately 40 per cent of broadest but least transient garments are purchased as finished products from the low cost centres of the Far East. The remaining 60 per cent are produced by quick response in Zara s-automated factories in Spain and a network of small contractors. Materials or fabric are also held in semi-finished form (e.g. un-dyed and nn-printed),... 

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