Germany consumption

Historically, the development of the acrylates proceeded slowly they first received serious attention from Otto Rohm. AcryUc acid (propenoic acid) was first prepared by the air oxidation of acrolein in 1843 (1,2). Methyl and ethyl acrylate were prepared in 1873, but were not observed to polymerize at that time (3). In 1880 poly(methyl acrylate) was reported by G. W. A. Kahlbaum, who noted that on dry distillation up to 320°C the polymer did not depolymerize (4). Rohm observed the remarkable properties of acryUc polymers while preparing for his doctoral dissertation in 1901 however, a quarter of a century elapsed before he was able to translate his observations into commercial reaUty. He obtained a U.S. patent on the sulfur vulcanization of acrylates in 1912 (5). Based on the continuing work in Rohm s laboratory, the first limited production of acrylates began in 1927 by the Rohm and Haas Company in Darmstadt, Germany (6). Use of this class of compounds has grown from that time to a total U.S. consumption in 1989 of approximately 400,000 metric tons. Total worldwide consumption is probably twice that. 

Total consumption of TiF in both the United States and Europe is less than 500 kg/yr. TiF is available from Advance Research Chemicals, Inc., Aldrich, Aesar, Johnson/Matthey, Cerac, PCR, and Pfalt2 Bauer of the United States, Fluorochem of the United Kingdom, and Schuchardt of Germany. Its 1993 price varied between 300 to 400/kg. 

Because of its excekent combination of properties, processibkity, and relatively low price compared to other fluoropolymers, PVDF has become the largest volume fluoropolymer after PTFE consumption in the United States has grown from zero in 1960 to about 6200 metric tons in 1991 (186). About 49% of the consumed volume is PVDF modified by copolymerization with 5—12-wt % HFP to enhance flexibkity. In 1992, Hst price for homopolymer powders was 15.32/kg, and for pekets 15.42/kg the reported market price was 14.09—14.22/kg (187). In the United States, almost ak PVDF is suppHed by Ausimont USA, Inc., Elf Atochem North America, Inc., and Solvay Polymers, Inc. Ausimont and Elf Atochem are producers Solvay is an importer of the resin. Smak amounts of resin are imported from Germany by Huls America, Inc, and from Japan by Kureha Chemical Industry Co., Ltd. PVDE producers and their trademarks are Hsted in Table 4. 

Large-scale recovery of light oil was commercialized in England, Germany, and the United States toward the end of the nineteenth century (151). Industrial coal-tar production dates from the earliest operation of coal-gas faciUties. The principal bulk commodities derived from coal tar are wood-preserving oils, road tars, industrial pitches, and coke. Naphthalene is obtained from tar oils by crystallization, tar acids are derived by extraction of tar oils with caustic, and tar bases by extraction with sulfuric acid. Coal tars generally contain less than 1% benzene and toluene, and may contain up to 1% xylene. The total U.S. production of BTX from coke-oven operations is insignificant compared to petroleum product consumptions. 

Western Europe. Acetylene demand in Western Europe exceeds by far that of any other geographical region. Prior to the unification of Germany in 1990, acetylene consumption in Western Europe was estimated to be 430, 000 t/yr with the addition of 280,000 t of consumption attributed to the former German Democratic RepubHc, total consumption increased to 710,000 t. 

Germany, Bitterfeld 1920 two-stage rotary kilns heated internally using intermediate grinding of roast oxidation completed within 3—4 h cylindrical monopolar ceUs, 4 m volume undivided con-centric Ni anodes, rod-shaped Fe cathodes unfiltered electrolyte batch operation KMnO crystallizes in ceU electrolysis energy consumption about 700 kWh/1 4,000 27,113... 

Worldwide production capacity of Hquid polysulfides is about 33,000 t with manufacturing sites in the United States, Japan, and Germany. Total consumption is about 28,600 t. Approximately 50% is for insulating glass sealants, 30% for constmction appHcations, and - 10% for aircraft sealants. In addition, - 909 t of the soHd polysulfide mbbers are sold each year. 

Between 1869 and the beginning of World War I, most of the world s supply of potassium salts came from the Stassfurt deposits in Germany. During World War I, U.S. production, measured as K2O, rose from 1000 metric tons in 1914 to 41,500 t in 1919. Following the end of World War I, U.S. production declined as imports increased. By the time the United States entered World War II, however, production had expanded enough to meet domestic needs. Since then, production has fluctuated, but has fallen below consumption as of the mid-1990s. Total annual U.S. demand peaked at 6.9 X 10 t in 1979 and has leveled off at approximately 5.1 to 5.5 million t. Canada is the principal potash exporter. 

Table 8 summarizes domestic consumption by use for amyl alcohols. About 55% of the total 1-pentanol and 2-methyl-1-butanol production is used for zinc diamyldithiophosphate lubrication oil additives (150) as important corrosion inhibitors and antiwear additives. Amyl xanthate salts are useful as frothers in the flotation of metal ores because of their low water solubiUty and miscibility with phenoHcs and natural oils. Potassium amyl xanthate, a collector in flotation of copper, lead, and zinc ores, is no longer produced in the United States, but imports from Germany and Yugoslavia were 910 —1100 t in 1989 (150). 

The low cost of sulfur dyes, coupled with good fastness properties and the ease of appHcation, continues to ensure a high consumption. The number of manufacturers has fallen since the 1960s and production is mainly confined to the United States, U.K., Germany, and Spain. There is one principal producer in each of these countries. There are other, less well-known manufacturers in Russia, the People s RepubHc of China, South Korea, Japan, and Bra2il (Table 7). 

Consumptions of primary tin for chemical appHcations by the five reporting countries from 1975 to 1980 is shown in Table 12. The use of primary tin in chemical appHcations increased sharply in the United States and Germany, but declined in the United Kingdom and Italy. In 1979, ca 11% of the total U.S. demand for tin was accounted for by tin chemicals. In 1977, the tin consumption in tin chemicals production was based on ca 80% primary tin usage... 

Others. The only top-fermented beer ia Scandinavia is Hvidt Lp. it has a low alcohol content (2.6% vol), a high level of extract, and is very mildly hopped. Smoke Beer is manufactured ia Germany and Denmark. It is made entirely from malt that is dried by direct beechwood fumes. In Denmark it is called Skibs Lp. (Ships Beer) and for centuries was iatended for consumption ia the Danish Navy and Marines siace it had better keeping quahties than the ordinary beers. It is top-fermented with low alcohoHc content. 

The apparent United States consumption of cadmium in 1988 was estimated to be 3620 t. Of the 2482 t imported, over 85% came from Canada, Mexico, Germany, and AustraUa. The principal domestic producers and suppHers of cadmium metal are ASARCO, Inc. Big River Zinc Corp. Jersey Miniure Zinc Co. and Zinc Corp. of America. 

Japan, as of January 1, 1989, had a total capacity of 28 thousand metric tons of monochlorobenzene and 49 thousand tons of dichlorobenzenes. The Japanese prices have remained fairly constant since 1985. The Japanese consumption of -dichlorobenzene is 81% for moth control, 11% for PPS resins, and 8% for dye-stuffs. There has been very Htde export from Japan of chlorobenzenes and imports have been mainly -dichlorobenzene from the United States, Germany, Prance, and the United Kingdom. 

In 1989 BASE announced its intention to market in the United States a polysulfone, Ultrason S, and a polyethersulfone, Ultrason E. Both materials would likely be made in Germany. World consumption and prices of polysulfones are given in Table 12. 

In total, cars and light trucks consume nearly three-fifths of all fuel used by U.S. transportation. In spite of a more than 50 percent increase in average fuel efficiency since 1973, the U.S. cars still consume between 25 to 55 percent more fuel per unit distance than the average in European countries (11.6 1 per 100 kilometers compared to 9.1 1 in Germany, and 7.4 1 in Denmark in 1995). All forms of residential consumption and private transportation thus claim more than 2 toe per capita in the United States, compared to less than 1 toe in Europe and about 0.75 toe in Japan. 

Hohmeyer, O. (1988). Social Costs of Energy Consumption External Effects of Electricity Generation in the federal Republic of Germany. Berlin Springer-Verlag. 

The enormous consumption of smokeless powder during this war led to difficulties in producing a sufficient quantity of nitroglycerine. In Russia and Germany attempts were made to... 

Also the a-ester sulfonates are less important today. In the Federal Republic of Germany, for example, the total production of surfactants was about 700,000 t/a in 1993. For a more detailed analysis of different types of surfactants, use must be made of data collected before the unification of Germany. In 1988 the consumption of surfactants in detergents was about 227,500 t/a, the consumption of anionic surfactants was about 116,000 t/a and less than 1000 t/a of a-sulfo fatty acid esters [5] (the values refer to German Detergent Law). 

The consumption of cocoa in the major consuming countries for the last 25 years is summarized in Table 12. From this data, it can be seen that the U.S. has been the leading consumer for many years. In 1995-1996, the largest consumption (in thousands of metric tons) occurred in the U.S. (560), followed by Germany (245), the Russian Federation (187), and the U.K. (184). 

Per capita consumption of cocoa also is shown in Table 12. Switzerland repeatedly had the highest per capita intake, with average intakes ranging from 3.4 to 5.1 kg per capita. Per capita consumption in Austria, Belgium, and Germany were also high with similar intakes. Consumption in the U.S. was lower than in these European countries, ranging from 1.4 kg in 1980-1981 to 2.2 kg in 1990-1991. 

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