Energy consumption Germany

Germany, Bitterfeld 1920 two-stage rotary kilns heated internally using intermediate grinding of roast oxidation completed within 3—4 h cylindrical monopolar ceUs, 4 m volume undivided con-centric Ni anodes, rod-shaped Fe cathodes unfiltered electrolyte batch operation KMnO crystallizes in ceU electrolysis energy consumption about 700 kWh/1 4,000 27,113... 

Hohmeyer, O. (1988). Social Costs of Energy Consumption External Effects of Electricity Generation in the federal Republic of Germany. Berlin Springer-Verlag. 

Christ, C. (ed.), Production-Integrated Environmental Protection and Waste Management in the Chemical Industry, Reduction of waste production and energy consumption in the production of fatty-acid methyl esters (Henkel), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, Germany, 1999... 

In order to estimate the dimension of changes necessary, it is instructive to study the distribution of absolute primary energy consumption in Germany as indicated in Figure 1.1.2. 

In Germany, production plants for extracts, e.g. hop extract, are operated with subcritical separation (Figure 6). In these plants, heat recovery measures may significantly reduce the energy consumption. Energy calculations were performed for the example of a SCF extraction plant for processing 15 t hops/24 h with extraction at 300 bar and 60 C, separation at 60 bar and 40 C, a specific solvent mass flow of 10 kg CO2 / (h kg. hops) and an extraction time of 4 h. A comparison of different process variants for... 

U.S. energy consumption slowed down in the 1970s and 1980s, as manufacturers introduced more efficient appliances. Even so, by the late 1980s, Americans consumed more petroleum than Germany, Japan, France, Italy, Canada and the United Kingdom combined. 

The industrial energy market in Germany has moved from coal and oil to more natural gas and electricity. Also the specific energy consumption in the industrial production has decreased from 1500 to about 850 kWh/1000 DM Gross Value Added (GVA) between 1970 and 1994. However, the energy demand structure did merely change. A fraction of 65 % of the industrially used energy is consumed in the process heat production [15]. 

H2 production 542 PJ/yr 8 % of the estimated annual energy consumption in Germany in 2040... 

In 1992, energy consumption in Germany was 2515 TWh with 2084 TWh used in the form of fuel and 431 TWh used as electricity. If these amounts were to be provided by electrolytic hydrogen and assuming efficiencies of 85 % for water electrolysis, 90 % for transport and distribution, and 45 % for re-conversion... 

The current use of biomass amounts to almost 783 PJ (primary energy equivalent) in 2007, which is about 5% of the primary energy consumption of Germany. If the present frame conditions persist in the future, primarily the power production from biomass will increase in years to come. For the diflhrent possibilities of using biomass the following tendencies are recognizable. 

BASF in Germany considered the use of the capillary gap cell (see Fig. 2.16 in Chapter 2) for this electrolysis. The cell consists of a stack of carbon discs closely spaced by 0.2 mm thick strips of an insulator. The electrolyte is pumped through the inter-electrode gaps and a voltage is applied to endplates so that a bipolar cell is formed. The cell design is compact, simple and cheap compared with a filter press cell and the tetraalkylammonium concentration could be reduced to below 0.5% without loss of yield and with an energy consumption below 3000 kWh ton . ... 

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