Germanes direct synthesis

Another critical use of nitrogen is in the production of ammonia by the Haber process, named after its inventor, the German chemist Fritz Haber. The Haber process involves the direct synthesis of ammonia from its elements, nitrogen and hydrogen. The two gases are combined at temperatures of 932-1,292°F (500-700°C) under a pressure of several hundred atmospheres over a catalyst such as finely divided nickel. One of the major uses of the ammonia produced by this method is in the production of synthetic fertilizers. 

Shortly after 1900, many researchers in England and Germany began investigating methods of preparing ammonia, and in 1908 the German chemist Fritz Haher developed a feasible process for the direct synthesis of ammonia from its elements. 

A quite surprising development, even to experienced workers in elemental-fluorine chemistry, has been the synthesis of trifluoromethyl organometallic compounds by direct fluorination of metal alkyls (25). Even more surprising is the fact that, for certain metal and metalloid systems, such as the reaction of elemental fluorine with tetramethyl-germane, this t5rpe of low-temperature synthesis is a practical method 26) for the laboratory preparation of the perfluoro analog. 

After World War II, direct liquefaction of coal became uneconomical as the use of lower-cost petroleum products became more widespread. However, the German process of indirect coal liquefaction, the Fischer-Tropsch process, continued to hold some interest. The Fischer-Tropsch process first involved production of a carbon monoxide and hydrogen-rich synthesis gas by the controlled gasification of coal followed by a catalytic reaction process to yield a valuable mixture of hydrocarbon products. Simplified Fischer-Tropsch reactions are shown by the following equations ... 

In the preparation of this new edition advantage has been taken of the opportunity offered to correct a number of errors in the first edition, and to make the text a reproduction of the fourth German edition of Professor Gattermann s book. In many cases the laboratory directions have been improved, a number of new illustrations have been added, and the Special Part now includes methods for the preparation of glycol, di-methylcyclohexenone, s-xylenol, phenylhydroxylamine, nitroso-benzene, p-tolyl aldehyde (Gattermann-Koch synthesis), salicylic aldehyde (Reimer and Tiemann s oxyaldehyde synthesis), cuprous chloride, the decomposition of inactive mandelic acid into its active constituents, and a zinc dust determination. The preparations of acetylene and acetylene tetrabromide have been omitted. 

Leuchs, Hermann (1879-1945), German chemist and discoverer of the N-carboxy anhydrides of amino acids. He carried out the work for his doctoral thesis under the direction of Emd Fischer on the synthesis of serine and glucosamine. In 1902, he received his D. Phd. degree and achieved independent status from 1904 onwards, Privatdozent (1910) and associate professor (1914). He turned down offers of frill professorships at the Universities of Graz and Braunschweig, which would have improved his position, in favor of a personal frill professorship at the Berlin Institute. He ended his life in the final days of World War II [F. Krohnke, Hermann Leuchs , Chem. Ber. 1952, 85, LV]. 

The first commercial production of liquids from coal was obtained during carbonization primarily for the production of coke and gas early in the nineteenth century. Successful research on coal liquefaction by direct hydrogenation and indirect synthesis began in the early part of the twentieth century (Bergius, 1912, 1913, 1925 Graham and Skinner, 1929 Donath, 1963 Wn and Storch, 1968). This culminated in the production of approximately 100,000 bbl/day (15.9 x 10 L/day) of liquid fuels for the German war effort in the early to mid-1940s (Extance, 2011). 

Baeyer, a leading German organic chemist whom we met in conjunction with his synthesis of indigo, addressed the problem in the late 1800s. Baeyer convinced himself with models that five- or six-mem-bered hydrocarbon rings—with bonds directed to the four corners of... 

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