Geographic Term - Chemical

The chemical composition of air depends on the natural and man-made sources of the constituents (their distribution and source strength in time and space) as well the physical (e. g. radiation, temperature, humidity, wind) and chemical conditions (other trace species) which determine transportation and transformation. Thus, atmospheric chemistry is not a pure chemistry and also includes other disciplines which are important for describing the interaction between atmosphere and other surrounding reservoirs (biosphere, hydrosphere, etc.). Measurements of chemical and physical parameters in air will always contain a geographical component, i. e., the particularities of the locality. That is why the terms chemical weather and chemical climate have been introduced. For example, diurnal variation of the concentration of a substance may occur for different reasons. Therefore general conclusions or transfer of results to other sites should be done with care. On the other hand, it is a basic task in atmospheric chemistry not only to present local results of chemical composition and its variation in time, but also to find general relationships between pollutants and their behavior under different conditions. 

All in all, a new world order for the supply chain of pharmaceutical fine chemicals is emerging. In terms of geographic distribution, the center of activity will shift from the West to the East, namely from the USA to Europe and... 

In short, the direct effects of aerosol particles in terms of backscattering solar radiation out to space and hence leading to cooling are reasonably well understood qualitatively and provided the aerosol composition, concentrations, and size distribution are known, their contribution can be treated quantitatively as well. However, major uncertainties exist in our knowledge of the physical and chemical properties, as well as the geographical and temporal variations, of aerosol particles and it is these uncertainties that primarily limit the ability to accurately quantify the direct effects at present. 

Once the emission factors and their variability are estimated, dispersion models can be used in order to enable point data to be interpreted in terms of geographical distribution of source contributions, as suggested by the Air Quality Directive (2008/50/EC). This could serve as a basis for calculating the collective exposure of the population living in the area and for assessing air quality with respect to the limit values. Dispersion models are based on the use of meteorological data, modules to account with physico-chemical processes occurring in the atmosphere and EFs. 

The terms production site, factory and plant are in many cases used synonymously but in the context of chemical production networks they have a distinct meaning. A site/factory is the geographical location where production takes place. Within the site, one or more plants produce different kinds of products. Additionally, a chemical production site contains several infrastructure units. In contrast to other industries, site infrastructure does not only comprise services such as security, internal logistics, maintenance, canteens and site administration but also utility plants and waste treatment facilities (cf. Fig. 9). For the 50 sites operated by the industrial cooperation partner the share of total costs associated with site infrastructure was in line with industry averages of 15% to 20% as reported by Rasch (2006, p. 257). 

Albanese S., Cicchella D., Lima A., and De Vivo B. present a synthesis of the main considerations necessary to undertake urban mapping activities in terms of planning, sampling, chemical analyses, and data presentation. In this context, modem Geographical Information Systems (GIS) represent an indispensable tool for better understanding the distribution, dispersion, and interaction processes of some toxic and potentially toxic elements. 

Rivers transport material in several phases dissolved, suspended particulate and bed load. Physical and chemical processes within an estuary infiuence the transportation and transformation of this material, thereby affecting the net supply of material to the oceans. Several definitions and geomorphologic classifications of estuaries have been reviewed by Pe-rillo (1995). From a chemical perspective, an estuary is most simply described as the mixing zone between river water and seawater characterised by sharp gradients in the ionic strength and chemical composition. Geographic distinctions can be made between drowned river valleys, fjords and bar-built estuaries. They can alternatively be classified in terms of the hydrodynamic regime as ... 

The application of numerical specifications to the USP <381> chemical tests is under discussion and probably will become effective in USP 24 via a supplement. The JP, EP, and ISO have specifications for rubber closures and these test protocols are compared with the USP in Table 8. Not all pharmacopeias and standards groups designate the same tests therefore, it is important to consult a wide spectrum of references to design a test protocol for specific applications and geographical submissions. Of the four protocols compared, the JP is the most stringent in terms of limits for extractables. The USP, EP, and ISO test protocols are based on a specific closure area per volume of water in the extraction step. The JP test protocols, on the other hand, are based on a specific weight of closures per volume of water. This difference makes it more difficult for smaller closures than for larger closures in the same rubber compoimd to meet JP specifications ... 

The regional market may mean several things—the European Economic Community or the Central American Common Market are among those that come to mind.. For our purposes, however, let us think in terms of larger geographic definitions Europe, Latin America, Canada, Japan, Australia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. Over the last twenty years, each of these areas has developed differently and, from the point of view of the worlds chemical industry, has exhibited a different set of needs. In the foreseeable future, the differentiation will continue. This basic fact underlies, and is a key factor in, the determination of how we must organize to sell in the world market. 

In the previous chapter we have seen how an economic appraisal of a chcsniical process has been made. This was termed a preconstruction economic analysis at the process development level. The cost and profit figures were pre.sented to management with fairly reliable costs on equipment and building requirements. An estimate on site development costs vas included with no specific reference to the exact geographical location of the chemical plant. 

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