Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity

Until recently, their major concern had to do with taste and odor problems in drinking water (due to a low threshold concentration of medicinal tastes and odors in drinking water - as low as 0.02-5 pg/L) [30]. It was not until 2008 that they were investigated for genotoxicity and cytotoxicity [21]. One iodo-THM (chlorodiiodomethane) is highly genotoxic in mammalian cells, and all six iodo-THMs are... 

Recently, Duirk et al. [34] showed evidence that iodinated X-ray contrast media (ICM), such as iopamidol, constitute an iodine source to form iodo-THM DBFs, e.g., dichloroiodomethane, and iodo-acid DBFs, e.g., iodoacetic acid, in chlorinated and chloraminated drinking waters. However, the complete reaction pathway is not fully understood yet, and it is under further investigation. Chloraminated and chlorinated source waters with iopamidol were genotoxic and cytotoxic in mammalian cells. This is in agreement with the previously reported high genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of the iodo-acids and iodo-THMs [20, 21]. 

Table 14.1 Potential contributory role of HCA in discovery safety assessment (see genotoxicity and cytotoxicity).

Tv[ickel was genotoxic and cytotoxic at the same concentration (9.5 pmol/mL), so it was not a selective genotoxicant. 

Leavens, T.L., Farris, G.M., James, R.A., Shah, R., Wong, V.A., Marshall, M.W. Bond, J.A. (1997) Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in male B6C3F1 mice following exposure to mixtures of 1,3-butadiene and styrene. Environ, mol. Mutag., 29, 335-345... 

Singh, N.R Khan, A. (1995) Acetaldehyde genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in human lymphocytes. Mutat. Res., 337, 9-17... 

DNA damage in the presence of cytochrome P450s (CYPs) and Cu(II) in vitro or in cells [Yoshino et al., 2004 Ahsan et al., 1999]. At higher concentrations curcumin exhibited genotoxicity and cytotoxicity in different systems [Cao et al., 2007]. At last, in vivo intervention trials using typical antioxidants such as ascorbate or carotenes yielded mostly disappointing results in terms of protection against oxidation-related diseases, sometime even increased the incidences of diseases [Stevenson and Hurst, 2007 Dinkova-Kostova and Talalay, 2008]. Obviously, the direct antioxidant capacity of plant phenolic compounds cannot explain their cytoprotective activities. 

Merk, O., and Speit, G. (1999). Detection of crosslinks with the comet assay in relationship to genotoxicity and cytotoxicity. Environ Mol Mutagen 33, 167-172. 

The effect of NDGA on the production of sister-chromatid exchanges and on the level of the mitotic index in cultured human lymphocytes and in mouse bone marrow cells in vivo was evaluated by Madrigal Bujaidar et al. [311], and they observed that in both models NDGA produced genotoxic and cytotoxic effects. In a later study [312], the same author observed... 

Effect of added tobacco ingredients on cigarette MSS biology a) in vitro genotoxicity and cytotoxicity... 

Lux-Fluoro Assay for Detecting Combined Genotoxicity and Cytotoxicity of Chemicals... 

Baumstark-Khan C, Rode A, Rettberg P, et al. (2001). Application of the Lux-Fluoro test as bioassay for combined genotoxicity and cytotoxicity measurements by means of recombinant Salmonella typhimurium TA1535 cells. Anal. Chim. Acta. 437 23-30. 

Tewes, F. J. Meisgen, T. J. Veltel, D. J. Roemer, E. Patskan, G. Toxicological evaluation of an electrically heated cigarette. Part 3 Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity of mainstream smoke. J. Appl. Toxicol. 2003, 23, 341-348. 

Genotoxicity and cytotoxicity Incinerated industrial waste in Taiwan contains strontium, which was genotoxic in green monkey kidney cells (Vero cells) [60 ]. However, in in vitro studies on human periodontal ligament fibroblasts from healthy human third molars strontium ranelate 2.5 mg/ml was not cytotoxic [61 ]. 

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