Genetic-determinists

Evolutionary psychologists go to some lengths to insist that, unlike exponents of earlier versions of social Darwinism, they are not genetic determinists, or as they sometimes put it, nativists. Rather, they argue that the nature/nurture dichotomy is a fallacious one. Instead, they seek to account for what they believe to be universals in terms of a version of Darwinian theory - a version which in practice owes more to Dawkins reductive fundamentalism than it does to Darwin s own more pluralistic and observation-rich insights. 

The major problem concerning the impact of environmental neurotoxins on fetal brain development is not the absence of evidence but the absence of research on the many new chemicals in our midst. Regardless, the evidence that we do have tells us that simplistic genetic-determinist arguments about IQ are dubious. 

The so-called genetic origins of criminality are of a kind with the genetic origins of happiness. The ease with which some genetic determinists hold up an extremely complex human... 

Population genetics Deterministic selection equations Stroboscopic method... 

Other methods which are applied to conformational analysis and to generating multiple conformations and which can be regarded as random or stochastic techniques, since they explore the conformational space in a non-deterministic fashion, arc genetic algorithms (GA) [137, 1381 simulation methods, such as molecular dynamics (MD) and Monte Carlo (MC) simulations 1139], as well as simulated annealing [140], All of those approaches and their application to generate ensembles of conformations arc discussed in Chapter II, Section 7.2 in the Handbook. 

There is no reason to think that the other kind of hypothetical module, the kind exemplified by the rape module that directs different responses to different situations, will be any less susceptible to developmental variation than quasi-deterministic modules such as the homosexuality module. Plus, for that matter, there is no particular reason to suppose that there will be less initial genetic variability in cases such as the rape module. So perhaps the perspectives of evolutionary psychology and behavioural genetics should not be seen as fundamentally disparate. 

II with a new chapter (for the second edition) on global optimization methods, such as tabu search, simulated annealing, and genetic algorithms. Only deterministic optimization problems are treated throughout the book because lack of space precludes discussing stochastic variables, constraints, and coefficients. 

Doyle and co-workers have used sensitivity and identifiability analyses in a complex genetic regulatory network to determine practically identifiable parameters (Zak et al., 2003), i.e., parameters that can be extracted from experiments with a certain confidence interval, e.g., 95%. The data used for analyses were based on simulation of their genetic network. Different perturbations (e.g., step, pulse) were exploited, and an identifiability analysis was performed. An important outcome of their analysis is that the best type of perturbations for maximizing the information content from hybrid multiscale simulations differs from that of the deterministic, continuum counterpart model. The implication of this interesting finding is that noise may play a role in systems-level tasks. 

Fluctuations of selection intensity have received much attention in population genetics because it is quite reasonable to assume that some relevant environmental variables change the fitness value of different genotypes over generations. Deterministic treatments derive from the model of Haldane and Jayakar stochastic fluctuations were first considered by Kimura and Dempster. Recent reviews are those of Felstein and Maynard-Smith and Hoekstra. ... 

It is obvious that such a ruthless all-or-none decision could neither be a consequence of random production nor result from interactions as they are responsible for chemical equilibrium, which always settles on finite concentration ratios. It is indeed the peculiar mechanism of the reproduction process far from equilibrium that accounts for the fact of survival, and this mechanism is even active when the competitors are degenerate in their selective values, that is, if they are neutral competitors. In this limiting case, considered to be very important for the evolution of species, Darwin s principle indeed reduces to the mere tautology survival of the survivor. Nevertheless, there are, even here, systematic quantitative regularities in the way that macroscopic populations of wild types rise and fall in a deterministic manner (as far as the process, not the particular copy choice, is concerned), which make it anything but a trivial correlation. This case of neutral selection has been called non-Darwinian. It should be emphasized, however, that Darwin was well aware of this possibility and described it verbally in a quite adequate way. The precise formulation of a theory of neutral selection, which then allows us to draw quantitative conclusions on the evolution of species is an achievement of the second half of this century. Kimura [2] has pioneered this new branch of population genetics. 

The developed optimization is solved with genetic algorithm as the previous study based on deterministic optimization techniques showed that it is often trapped in local optima, due to highly non-linear nature of formulations in the model. The simulation model and genetic algorithm is interacted to produce high quality optimal solution(s), although computational time is relatively expensive. 

Deterministic effects are those that increase in severity as the radiation dose increases and for which a threshold is presumed to exist. Besides acute somatic effects, deterministic effects also include radiation effects (other than cancer and genetic effects) that continue to occur after an extended period (e.g., years) of chronic exposure. Such chronic exposures can arise from long-lived radionuclides (e.g., isotopes of plutonium and cesium) ingested via contaminated food or inhaled via contaminated air... 

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