Genetic covariance

Houle D 1991 Genetic covariance of fitness correlates what genetic correlations are made of and why it matters. Evolution 45 630-648... 

Service PM, Rose MR 1985 Genetic covariation among life-history components the effect of novel environments. Evolution 39 943-945... 

Steams SC 1992 The evolution of life histories. Oxford University Press, Oxford Stratton DA 1995 Spatial scale of variation in fitness of Erigeron annum. Am Nat 146 608—624 Tatar M, Promislow DEL, Khazaeli AA, Curtsinger JW 1996 Age-specific patterns of genetic variance in Drosophila melanogaster. II. Fecundity and its genetic covariance with age-specific mortality. Genetics 143 849—858... 

T Ichiye, M Karplus. Collective motions m proteins A covariance analysis of atomic fluctuations m molecular dynamics and normal mode simulations. Proteins Stiaict Eunct Genet 11 205-217, 1991. 

Before turning to specific content, I would like to take a moment to review briefly the logic of behavior genetic methods. This is most easily accomplished by showing how path models are used to represent the latent constructs underlying correlations and covariances. My examples all utilize correlations, however, the models are typically fit to co-variances. 

The generalized Fisher theorems derived in this section are statements about the space variation of the vectors of the relative and absolute space-specific rates of growth. These vectors have a simple natural (biological, chemical, physical) interpretation They express the capacity of a species of type u to fill out space in genetic language, they are space-specific fitness functions. In addition, the covariance matrix of the vector of the relative space-specific rates of growth, gap, [Eq. (25)] is a Riemannian metric tensor that enters the expression of a Fisher information metric [Eqs. (24) and (26)]. These results may serve as a basis for solving inverse problems for reaction transport systems. 

Eley TC, Stevenson J (1999) Exploring the covariation between anxiety and depression symptoms a genetic analysis of the effects of age and sex. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 40 1273-1282... 

CoUier, J. L., Brahamsha, B., and Palenik, B. (1999). The marine cyanobacterium Synechococcus sp. WH7805 requires urease (urea amidohydrolase, EC 3.5.1.5) to utilize urea as a nitrogen source molecular-genetic and biochemical analysis of the enzyme. Microbiol.—U.K. 145, 447—459. CoUos, Y. (1998). Covariation of ammonium and nitrate uptake in several marine areas Calculation artefact or indication of bacterial uptake Preliminary results from a review of 76 studies. In Integrated Marine System Analysis. Dehairs, F., Elskens, M., and Goeyens, L. (eds.). Vrije Universiteit, Brussel, pp. 121—138. 

Hettema JM, Prescott CA, Kendler KS. Genetic and environmental sources of covariation between generalized anxiety disorder and neuroticism. Am. J. Psychiatry 2004 161 1581-1587. 

Wright MJ, Smith GA, Geffen GM, Geffen CB, Martin NG 2000 Genetic influence on the variance in coincidence timing and its covariance with IQ a twin study. Intelligence, in press... 

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Houle D, Hughes KA, Hoffmaster DK et al 1994 The effects of spontaneous mutation on quantitative traits. I. Variance and covariance of life history traits. Genetics 138 773-785 Houle D, Morikawa B, Lynch M 1996 Comparing mutational variabilities. Genetics 143 1467— 1483... 

Boughter JD Jr, Raghow S, Nelson TM, Munger SD (2005) Inbred mouse strains C57BL/6J and DBA/2J vary in sensitivity to a subset of bitter stimuli. BMC Genet 6 36 Brasser SM, Mozhui K, Smith DV (2005) Differential covariation in taste responsiveness to bitter stimuli in rats. Chem Senses 30 793-799... 

Other covariates that have been identified as important in pediatric PM studies include the level of metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract, ECMO that may be a marker of hypoperfusion, nutrition, and genetics-genomics. Ethnic differences may also exist in pediatric populations while known gender differences in adults are likely absent or greatly reduced. 

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