General Work Permits

General work permits are issued for all work that does not involve the use of open flames, hot surfaces, or entry into confined spaces. They cover tasks such as the following  

Before the permit is issued, all hazards associated with the work should have been identified, and controls put in place. The person who issues the permit is different from the permit holder. A person cannot issue a permit for themselves because one of the objectives of the system is to make sure that a second, qualified person critically reviews the hazards and the proposed controls. If a contractor is the permit holder, then the permit should be issued by a qualified person from the host company. 

At least two copies of the permit are needed, one to be displayed at the work site, and the other to be held at the issuing point. The copy at the work site should be available for reference at any time by any member of the work team. 

The issuance of a general work permit will normally require that the following steps be carried out  

The permit should specify the action to be taken in the event of  

---

A work order describes a job package and can normally be divided into subtasks that can be carried out in sequence. Before any of these can be performed, the personnel that shall execute a task must apply for a work permit. The work permit system is established to ensure scrutiny of factors related to HSE (Health, Safety and Environment) before job execution. The work permit for each task is discussed between representatives from the various disciplines in plenum and the job description and related safety measures are evaluated. Examples of such are safety equipment needed to perform the job safely. A general work permit flow is described in (NOG, 2006). After job execution, the job responsible logs feedback from the execution and closes the job in the maintenance management system. 

A hot work permit includes all the elements of a general work permit. In addition, the following checks should be carried out before the permit is issued ... 

Many of these ignition sources can be controlled through effective housekeeping, equipment maintenance, hot work permit, and general safety programs. Only some of the ignition sources are discussed in greater detail in this entry. 

In order to demonstrate that scale-up can be successfully performed from lab to commercial scale, we performed the atomization of inulin (a polysaccharide extracted from chicory root) from NMP solutions (300 g/L) by antisolvent with supercritical CO2 (20 MPa, 40 °C) After the first test a lab scale (XO.l), we prepared samples in three plants 2 g in XI, 20 g in XIO, and 200 g in XlOO (80). As shown in Figure 11, the particle size distributions (by volume) are strictly the same at the three scales in the range for which we want to obtain a nondusty powder. Moreover, this work permits us to show that the fluid/substance ratio ( 50 kg/kg) can be optimized at a much lower value than generally stated in most publications (500-10,000). Extended work is now ongoing on therapeutic molecules and for smaller-sized particles on a large scale. 

The following is a general listing of the outside operator s duties and duties. This list is not comprehensive. Rounds and duties will be adjusted according to workload, work permits, and the weather. 

Fire and explosion hazard in dryers imposes extra requirements on plant maintenance. It is important to apply the general policy in a breakdown case or prevention measures as well as routine maintenance and turnaround periods. Special attention should be paid to maintenance in all safety systans and in that equipment responsible for the ignition sources. A work permit should be followed in all maintenance work, especially performing hot work like welding, cutting, or soldering. 

The format of permit-to-work documents will be determined by the particular type of work being undertaken, but all such documents should cover the eight points listed above. Different types of permit will be needed to cover general work, hot work, vessel entry, excavations and high-voltage electrical work. For the scheme to work it is essential that the procedure is properly and fully followed. The responsibility for ensuring this rests with the employer, or the person he appoints to oversee the work. The circumstances under which a permit-to-work scheme is to be used must be fully understood as must the responsibility of each of the participants. This applies to contractors as well as employees and they must be fully instructed in its operation before being allowed to start work. 

Of course, you still need to give the chief operator a general idea of where you will be working and what you will be doing. He may have issued a hot-work permit (i.e., for welding) in the area in which you plan to catch a light-hydrocarbon sample. The chief operator is responsible for your safety when you are on the unit. 

Hot work permits are formal management documents which support the control of the safe systems of work or methods of work. Permits themselves should not be issued as general or blanket authorisations as this can lead to complacency when permits are issued as a matter... 

This work offers a contribution to the understanding of some fundamental aspects of sorption and diffusion in glassy polymers. The research focuses on an extensive experimental study of sorption and mass transport in a specific polymeric matrix. A high free volume polymer, (poly l-trimethylsilyl-l-propyne) [PTMSP], has been used here in order to emphasise aspects of sorption and transport which are peculiar to polymer/penetrant mixtures below the glass transition temperature. The discussion of the experimental data presented in this work permits a clarification of concepts which are of general validity for the interpretation of thermodynamic and mass transport properties in glassy systems. 

The general permit has been designed to ensure adequate isolation of machinery, plant and pipework, and it also covers most general circumstances other than those dealt with by the specialised permits listed above. It may be necessary to raise more than one kind of permit for a particular task, such as a hot work permit, in addition to the general permit. 

Work permits are crucial to the safe operation and maintenance of process facilities. (They are also discussed in the section to do with job hazards analysis (JHA) forms in Chapter 2.) They can be divided into three categories general, hot work, and confined-space entry. Permits are signed by both the operations and maintenance personnel involved in the work, and by their supervisors. The permit will have the following features ... 

---