General sources of physical properties

In this section those references that contain comprehensive compilations of physical property data are reviewed. Sources of data on specific physical properties are given in the remaining sections of the chapter. 

International Critical Tables (1933) is still probably the most comprehensive compilation of physical properties, and is available in most reference libraries. Though it was first published in 1933, physical properties do not change, except in as much as experimental techniques improve, and ICT is still a useful source of engineering data. ICT is now available as an ebook and can be referenced on the Internet through Knovel (2003). 

An extensive compilation of thermophysical data has been published by Plenum Press, Touloukian (1970-77). This multiple-volume work covers conductivity, specific heat, 

Elsevier have published a series of volumes on physical property and thermodynamic data. Those of use in design are included in the Bibliography at the end of this chapter. 

Caution should be exercised when taking data from the literature, as typographical errors often occur. If a value looks doubtful it should be cross-checked in an independent reference, or by estimation. 

The Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU) was set up to provide authenticated data for engineering design. Its publications include some physical property data, and other design data and methods of interest to chemical engineering designers. They also cover data and methods of use in the mechanical design of equipment. 

The Engineering Sciences Data Unit (ESDU, www.ihsesdu.com) was set up to provide validated data for engineering design, developed under the guidance and approval of engineers from industry, the universities, and research laboratories. ESDU data include equipment design data and software and extensive high-quality physical property data—mostly for pure fluids that are in use in the oil and process industries. 

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Property damages and legal liabilities are not the only sources of financial impacts a company may suffer at the time of an incident. Business interruption losses will also occur since the facility will not longer be able to function as intended. Analysis of insurance industry claims data shows that business interruption losses are generally three times the amount of physical property damage. Often the justification for a safety feature may not be the loss of the component itself but of the impact to operations and loss revenue it produces. 

Combined ash - when fly ash and bottom ash are placed in landfills, they are generally combined. The physical properties of combined ash (including gradation, specific gravity, and loss on ignition) can vary considerably depending on the type of plant and source of coal. 

Of the many compilations of physical properties described in Appendix D, the most convenient general source is the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, D. R. Lide (ed.), a large single volume published by CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. A new edition is published every year, but any recent edition will serve as well as the latest one. A very good general source of older physical data is Landolt-Bornstein Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology, New Series. This multivolume work is much more detailed but somewhat difficult to use. 

General Sources of Data for Tables on the Physical Properties, Heat Capacities, and Thermodynamic Properties in Appendices D, E, and F... 

No books solely focused on polysulfone polymers or blends of polysulfones are available. A good general source of information on many of the general features of polysulfones is the Society of Plastics Engineers (SPE) encyclopedia. There, information about many of the chemical and physical properties can be found. 

Although soaps have many physical properties in common with the broader class of surfactants, they also have several distinguishing factors. First, soaps are most often derived direcdy from natural sources of fats and oils (see Fats and fatty oils). Fats and oils are triglycerides, ie, molecules comprised of a glycerol backbone and three ester-linked fatty oils. Other synthetic surfactants may use fats and oils or petrochemicals as initial building blocks, but generally require additional chemical manipulations such as sulfonation, esterification, sulfation, and amidation. 

Com symps [8029-43 ] (glucose symp, starch symp) are concentrated solutions of partially hydrolyzed starch containing dextrose, maltose, and higher molecular weight saccharides. In the United States, com symps are produced from com starch by acid and enzyme processes. Other starch sources such as wheat, rice, potato, and tapioca are used elsewhere depending on avadabiHty. Symps are generally sold in the form of viscous Hquid products and vary in physical properties, eg, viscosity, humectancy, hygroscopicity, sweetness, and fermentabiHty. 

The present review covers the literature to the end of 1967 and all original sources have been consulted. Syntheses of each of the four ring systems are summarized separately, but physical, chemical, and biological properties are considered generally. Many pjTidopyri-midines were initially synthesized for a study of biological activity or physical properties because of the close structural relationship of these systems to the quinazolines (5) and pteridines (6). Recent reviews have discussed these related compounds. 

The mechanical properties reported in the literature for molybdenum and its alloys are frequently at variance. That this should be so is not surprising as the properties of molybdenum and its alloys are greatly affected by the prior history of the material, both thermal and mechanical. Far too often values are used without reference to the sources of the material, various states of heat treatment, etc. When mechanical properties are an important feature of the design application, advice should always be sought on the suitability as only the manufacturer has the complete data on the history of his own product. Physical and some typical mechanical properties given for general guidance are shown in Tables 5.2 and 5.3. 

The auxiliary electrolyte is generally an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal halide or a mixture of these. Such halides have high decomposition potentials, relatively low vapor pressures at the operating bath temperatures, good electrolytic conductivities, and high solubilities for metal salts, or in other words, for the functional component of the electrolyte that acts as the source of the metal in the electrolytic process. Between the alkali metal halides and the alkaline earth metal halides, the former are preferred because the latter are difficult to obtain in a pure anhydrous state. In situations where a metal oxide is used as the functional electrolyte, fluorides are preferable as auxiliary electrolytes because they have high solubilities for oxide compounds. The physical properties of some of the salts used as electrolytes are given in Table 6.17. 

Figure 2.3 Physical properties of the GIT, with approximate values compiled from several sources [62-69]. The pH values refer mostly to median quantities and the range in parentheses generally refers to interquartile values [67,68]. The quoted surface areas are taken from Ref. 66. [Avdeef, A., Curr. Topics Med. Chem., 1, 277-351 (2001). Reproduced with permission from Bentham Science Publishers, Ltd.]...

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