General semantics

Korzybski, A. Science and Sanity An Introduction to Non-Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics. Lancaster Science Press, 1933. 

In recent western literature, Kt is interpreted as gross conversion efficiency and the western analogue of K2 is net conversion efficiency (Brett and Groves, 1979), but the biological sense of the two coefficients can be obscured by such generalized semantics. A better concept is efficiency of food consumption and assimilation for constructive processes (Zaika, 1983). 

Korzybski, the founder of general semantics, constantly warned that the map is not the territory. As a psychologist 1 agree, but have to add that much of the time people seem to prefer the map to the territory It is often easier to make the map, the internal simulation of reality, do what you want than it is to deal with the territory, the external world. 

It is also worth mentioning the future development of the Web for chemical information purposes. The emergence of the Semantic Web [5] in general and the Chemical Semantic Web [6] in particular would further the roles of the... 

It is beyond the scope of this chapter to explain the syntax and semantics of first-order predicate logic, and the reader is referred to Lloyd s text (1987) for a general introduction. However, it is useful to provide some details on the horn clause form. 

In general, standardization ol questionnaires and their items helps to simplify quantitative comparisons between individuals and conditions but simultaneously curtails each individual statement and may force it into inappropriate categories. Moreover, allocating the same weight to all the items m a questionnaire, such as all pairs of opposite toms m a semantic differential, may iron out the effects of substances and obscure mterestmg individual effects. A freely formulated description of drug action, be it m oral or written form, should therefore be included m studies of this land... 

The question of whether an enzyme is membrane bound or membrane associated is to some extent a matter of semantics. However, it is certainly true that some proteins are readily dissociated from membranes whereas others require quite drastic conditions before they can be dissociated from the membrane. As limiting cases, the former can be designated as membrane associated and the latter as membrane bound. Enzymes that are generally considered membrane bound are firmly embedded in the membrane structure. For example, the mitochondrial coupling factor is strongly coupled to the bilayer structure by hydrophobic polypeptides. The Na+-K+ ATPases that have been purified have a small patch of associated phospholipids when the enzyme is delipidated, enzymatic activity is lost. In fact, membrane-bound enzymes appear to be... 

Turning to the low temperature transition of the homopolymer of PHBA at 350 °C, it is generally accepted that the phase below this temperature is orthorhombic and converts to an approximate pseudohexagonal phase with a packing closely related to the orthorhombic phase (see Fig. 6) [27-29]. The fact that a number of the diffraction maxima retain the sharp definition at room temperature pattern combined with the streaking of the 006 line suggests both vertical and horizontal displacements of the chains [29]. As mentioned earlier, Yoon et al. has opted to describe the new phase as a smectic E whereas we prefer to interpret this new phase as a one dimensional plastic crystal where rotational freedom is permitted around the chain axis. This particular question is really a matter of semantics since both interpretations are correct. Perhaps the more important issue is which of these terminologies provides a more descriptive picture as to the nature of the molecular motions of the polymer above the 350 °C transition. As will be seen shortly in the case of the aromatic copolyesters, similar motions can be identified well below the crystal-nematic transition. 

The subsequent step of the modular systems approach as applied to concrete industrial engineering is the creation of solutions for integrating networking gateways designated the Common Semantic Models and the Generalized Macro Models. 

So far the Marcus model of the intersection of energy wells has been considered without specific reference to electron transfer processes. Indeed, in these general terms its applicability may appear to extend to all types of chemical reactions, without entering into the semantic argument of whether e.t. is a chemical reaction in which no chemical bonds are actually made or broken. Discussions of the Marcus model to processes other than e.t. are outside the scope of this text, reference being made to some recent publications in this field [10], [11],... 

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