Principles of Nomenclature

Note 2 The a in tetraosyl, and so on is not elided in order to differentiate a letrasaccharide residue (tetraosyl) from a four-carbon sugar (tel-rose), and so on. The a in triaosyl is added for a similar reason. 

Recommendations have been made for the nomenclature of oligosaccharides.3,4 

Monosaccharide residues are named and abbreviated (Table I) according 

Using the condensed system of carbohydrate nomenclature (ref. 2, section 3.7 ref. 4, 2-Carb-38.5), positions of glycosidic linkages and anomeric configurations are expressed in parentheses between the monosaccharide residues that are thus linked. This principle should be adhered to with full names as well as with the abbreviated structures. A short form for repre- 

Ring size and conformation should be designated only when firmly established from NMR or other experimental data. Previously published 

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It is anticipated that readers will already be familiar with many of the general principles of nomenclature and will be able to name a range of simple compounds. It is not the object of this section to provide an exhaustive series of instmctions for naming every class of compound. Instead, the examples chosen here (Box 1.1) have been selected to illustrate some of the perhaps less familiar aspects that will be commonly encountered, and to foster a general understanding of the approach to nomenclature. 

The current principles of nomenclature for copolymers are indicated in the following table where A and B represent source or structure-based names for these repeat units. 

Although the basic principles of nomenclature are presented in the body of this text, additional information is often needed to name many complex organic compounds. Appendix B concentrates on three topics ... 

The principles of nomenclature for copolymers are based on their structure and are given in Table 1.2, where A and B represent the names of repeating units. For example, a statistical copolymer of ethylene and propylene would be called poly(ethylene-stat-propylene), and a triblock copolymer of styrene (A) sand isoprene (B) would be called polystyrene-Z)/oeA -polyisoprene- /ocA -polystyrene. In some cases it is necessary to introduce square brackets in the nomenclature to clarify the notation. Let us see an example An alternating copolymer of styrene and maleic anhydride would be called poly[styrene-a/ (maleic anhydride)]. 

These several principles of nomenclature were promptly applied by de Morveau, Lavoisier, Berthollet, and Foiircroy to the naming of 474 substances belonging to the earths, alkalies, acids, and metals. Their procedure was based on a dualistic hypothesis and forms the basis of our present system. The elements retained their accustomed roots, and the terms oxygen, hydrogen, and azote were introduced. The term oxide was employed for the first time and the class was regarded as intermediate between the element and its acid. The suffixes ic ... 

In case the internal absorbance is divided by the optical absorption pathlength, the decadic linear absorption coefficient is given in units of cm". It is usually used at the examination of thin films because in such cases it is difficult to determine molar concentrations. In Table 2 all these terms and symbols are defined according to the lUPAC recommendations [14] and given with their units. Further terms and symbols for physical quantities, related to fundamental processes occurring in light sources, and general principles of nomenclature standardization are stated in other lUPAC recommendations of the Analytical Division [21]. 

The Working Classification is open to additions. The principles of nomenclature suggest that a term applied to a landslide in one sense should not be re-applied in another sense. A term might be added if it is useful, if its use echoes popular use of the term and the term has not already been widely used in a different sense in the landslide literature. 

G.J. Leigh, H.A. Favre, W.V. Meta-nomski. Principles of Chemical Nomenclature A Guide to lUPAC Recommendations, Blackwell Science, Malden, MA, 1998. 

Cycloalkenes and their derivatives are named by adapting cycloalkane termmol ogy to the principles of alkene nomenclature... 

Alkylamines are named m two ways One method adds the ending amine to the name of the alkyl group The other applies the principles of sub stitutive nomenclature by replacing the e ending of an alkane name by amine and uses appropriate locants to identify the position of the ammo group Arylammes are named as derivatives of aniline... 

Systematic names formed by applying the principles of substitutive nomenclature are single words except for compounds named as acids. First one selects the parent compound, and thus the suffix, from the characteristic group listed earliest in Table 1.7. All remaining functional groups are handled as prefixes that precede, in alphabetical order, the parent name. Two examples may be helpful ... 

According to the systematic nomenclature these substances were first named l-f-triazolo[d] pyrimidines in compliance with the general principles of the Ring Index/ More recent papers and Chemical Abstracts indexes use the term i -triazolo[4,5-d]pyrimidine (147) in accord with the lUPAC nomenclature. The numbering of substituents when using the last-mentioned name is different from that of the 8-aza analogs. For the formulas of oxygen and sulfur derivatives names derived from the lactim or thiolactim form are almost exclusively in use (in common with the purine derivatives). These derivatives are thus described as hydroxy and mercapto derivatives, respectively. The name 1,2,3,4,6-pentaazaindene is used only rarely for this system. 

The parent that includes the functional group most preferred by general principles of organic nomenclature [13,14], If there is a choice, it is made on the basis of the greatest number of occurrences of the most preferred functional group. Thus aldaric acid > uronic acid/ketoaldonic acid/aldonic acid > dialdose > ketoal-dose/aldose > diketose > ketose. 

Basic Principles of Operation Gas-separation literature often uses nomenclature derived from distillation, a practice that will generally be followed here. L is the molar feed rate, V is the molar permeate rate, R is the molar residue (L — V). Mole fractions of components i, j, in the feed-residue phase will be Xj, Xj. .. and in the permeate phase yi,yj.... Stage cut, 0, is permeate volume/feed volume, or V/L. 

Finally some additional milestones in organization, research and development of RMs need to be mentioned. The large increase in the number of reference materials being produced led in 1975 to the formation of an ISO Council Committee on Reference Materials (ISO-REMCO) charged with the establishment of international guidelines on principles of certification, methods of use, needs, availability and nomenclature (Klich 1999), see also Sections 1.2 and 1.3. 

Ingamells CO, PiTARD FF (1986) Applied Geochemical Analysis, pp L-84.Wiley, New York. International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC) (1978) Expert Panel on Nomenclature and Principles of Quality Control in Clinical Chemistry. Clin Chim Acta 83 L89F-202F. International Organization for Standardization (ISO) (1993) Guide to the expression of uncertainty. Geneva. 

Huheey, J. E., Keiter, E. A., and Keiter, R. L. (1993). Inorganic Chemistry Principles of Structure and Reactivity, 4th ed. HarperCollins College Publishers, New York. Appendix I consists of 33 pages devoted to nomenclature in inorganic chemistry. 

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