Of organic compounds in general

For quantitative analysis of organic compounds in general by means of liquid chromatography-electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS), one should be aware of two major factors, which may strongly impact on the outcomes. These are directly associated with the process of ion generation in the interface. 

Oxidation of organic compounds in general and alkenes in particular is an enormous area, and transition-metal-based catalysts have played a pivotal role. Several books have summarized the state of the art.1 Historically, this has been an area in which empirical development of catalytic oxidation systems has outpaced mechanistic understanding. However, with the recent advent of new synthetic techniques, the number of well-characterized metal oxo compounds has expanded considerably in the past 15 years,2 and the prospect of understanding the behavior of the M=0 bond in reactions which create C—O bonds has drawn within reach. 

Most of the principles used to explain the acidity of compounds are also used to explain the reactivity and stability of organic compounds in general. Also, proton transfer reactions are often the first step in most organic reactions. For this reason, if we can thoroughly comprehend proton transfer, then we have a solid basis for understanding most organic reactions. 

Turning to photochemical reactions, triplet energies of diones lie in an intermediate position relative to those of organic compounds in general. Diones may, therefore, undergo sensitized reactions these will be discussed as appropriate in the sequel. Diones may also function as sensitizers and a number of examples have been recorded, mainly by... 

The work of Benson and co workers was fundamental for the development of additivity methods for estimation of the heats of formation, heat capacities and entropies of organic compounds in general, not only alkynes. They proposed the two simplest methods atom and bond additivity. These methods are often sufficient for estimation of the thermochemical properties of ideal gases, including also acetylenes. 

We have already mentioned that the acidity of organic compounds can be expressed by the acidity constant, or its negative logarithm, p a Remember that stronger acids have lower p a values. The relationship between molecular structure and acidity for different carboxylic acids, which is shown in the table below, can be used to study the structure-activity relationships of organic compounds in general. 

Addition reactions to unsaturated (i.e., 7t) systems, which correspond to the conversion of an sp -hybridized carbon to one that is sp hybridized, and its reverse (elimination), constitute major pathways for the interconversion of organic compounds. In general, such processes may or may not be reductive (or oxidative). We consider this one process now only because it is reductive. 

The nature of problems to be solved by an analyst is often such that the basic ideas mentioned are sometimes superposed or appear in various modifications. What is required from organic analysis may vary widely, and if we take into account the enormous variety of organic compounds in general, it will become evident that a true picture of the whole range of problems can only be gained through actual practice. 

GEODE [General Electric organic destruction] A development of the Ultrox process in which a combination of ozone and ultraviolet radiation is used to oxidize traces of organic compounds in water. Developed by the General Electric Company and demonstrated at the Commonwealth Edison nuclear power plant at Dresden, IL, in 1989. The requirement was to reduce the concentration of total organic carbon in the process and makeup waters to the low parts-per-billion range. 

Unlike petroleum hydrocarbons, organic compounds in general followed a different evolutionary path. Chlorinated solvents are a common group of organic compounds, and are also the most frequently encountered contaminant in groundwater. Common industrial chemicals that are characterized as chlorinated solvents include trichloro-ethene (TCE), 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), tetrachloroethene (PCE) or perchloro-ethylene, chlorofluorocarbon (Freon)-113 (i.e., 1,1,2-trichloroethane or 1,2,2-tri-fluoroethane), and methylene chloride. In 1997, the EPA reported the presence of TCE and PCE in 852 of 945 groundwater supply systems throughout the United States and in 771 of 1420 Superfund sites. 

---