General lessons

Important novel information has thus been obtained for the specific biological function of those molecules, but disappointingly few general lessons have been learned that are relevant for other membrane-bound proteins with different biological functions. In that respect the situation is similar to the failure of the structure of myoglobin to provide general principles for the construction of soluble protein molecules as described in Chapter 2. 

The most important general lesson is that there are hydrophobic transmembrane helices, the positions of which within the amino acid sequence can be predicted with reasonable accuracy. This applies both to the single transmembrane-spanning helix within the H polypeptide chain of the reaction center and the five transmembrane helices of the L and M chains that... 

In an attempt to understand the factors which lead to a successful and acceptable implementation of a robotic system, Molet et al. [2] have described the history of the implementation of a robotic installation in the steel industry in France. TTiey analysed the reactions of the various participants. Most of the difficulties encountered were related to the technological modifications required in the plant to install the robot and its peripheral equipment, and the labour and organizational changes which affected those most directly involved. TTiis experience provides some general lessons about the dos and do nots of rohotization (see also Besson [3] and Guest [4]). 

There is another general lesson that we can learn from these experiments. If our proteins are the product of contingency, most probably the pathway to their prebiotic synthesis cannot be reproduced in the laboratory. This is indeed the bottle neck in the bottom-up approach to the origin of life. 

A variety of policy "remedies" are available for such equity concerns, but they all tax some people and transfer the proceeds to others. The policies range from simple tax-and-transfer schemes to vouchers to "free" government information to mandates that firms provide information. The programs vary in their effects on market efficiency. A general lesson from economics is that if redistribution occurs, it should augment purchasing power rather than directly alter the behavior of market participants. 

Although this gel microdroplet method is still new (even after 10 years) and its potential applications relatively untested, it has been described here because it can teach us certain general lessons. It serves to remind us that cytometry, despite its name, does not necessarily involve the flow analysis of cells particles of many sorts will do just as well. It is also of interest as a method that has, in fact, institutionalized the formation of clumped cells that most workers try so hard to avoid. In addition, it has provided us with a way to make a small cell into a larger (flow-friendly) particle. Finally, it has given us inspiration by exemplifying the way in which lateral thinking can extend the impact of flow cytometry in new directions. 

Cloern, J.E. (1996) Phytoplankton bloom dynamics in coastal ecosystems a review with some general lessons from sustained investigation of San Francisco Bay, California. Rev. Geophys. 34, 127-168. 

This model study — which included neither the charge shifting or intramolecular coupling effects of the sort described elsewhere in this chapter — suggests a quite rich variety to be sorted out in more realistic molecular studies. An important general lesson of the hydrogen-bonded... 

Several general lessons may be learned from this study. The kernel of the integrals code actually operates at approximately 30 times faster than the CDC 7600/ so that the non-kernel code, which takes about 10% of the computer time on a conventional machine occupies 60% of the time in our present CRAY-1 program. The implication is that work to vectorise the non-kernel components of the calculation might now be profitable. 

The purpose of this final section is to draw some general lessons for current and future research programmes from the work leading to the discovery of azoxystrobin. These relate to (a) the use of natural products as starting points for the discovery of new agrochemicals (b) targeting markets from which a healthy return on the research investment can be made and (c) ways in which biological activity can most efficiently be optimised. 

The lower heats of formation of silylenes compared with carbenes translate into somewhat lower, albeit similar, reactivity. There is a general lesson here that slowing down the reactions of carbene-like species makes possible processes like dimerization that are more or less impossible for carbenes. We have already seen that slowing down their rearrangements allows the observation of intermolecular reactions of alkylsilylenes not observed for alkylcarbenes. The dimerization of silylenes to disilenes, discovered in the gas phase [36], was employed to brilliant effect by West and coworkers in the condensed phase synthesis of isolable disilenes [37]. While these were not the first disilenes, silylene dimerization opened the way for the preparation of many new molecules, including digermenes from the dimerization of germylenes [38]. 

General Lessons Learned Low concentrations of antagonists (i.e., near the KB) are most sensitive to kinetics of onset. Insufficient time of equilibration can lead to underestimation of competitive antagonist potency and can be detected by retesting at a longer time or determination of a Schild regression (slope >1 may indicate inadequate equilibration time). 

At JACADS and TOCDF, operations personnel did not appear to generalize lessons learned beyond the immediate equipment and task in the original incidents. There is room for making much wider use of these valuable lessons, such as by mining the information in the PLL database to detect patterns that may underlie several incidents. The effort to prioritize the data is a good start toward increasing the information s usefulness. PMCD could also make better use of information available from industries such as the chemical and petroleum manufacturing sectors. Both have... 

While the study is specific in that it deals with a particular reaction, and structure type, there are general lessons to be learned about the linkage between preparation. 

The general lesson to be learnt from these two mistakes is that we can only interpret SARs, or indeed any other correlations, in mechanistic terms if we are certain that we are measuring the direct input and output from a single process. Of course, the correlation might be a valid and useful tool even if it does not give mechanistic information. 

In this chapter are gathered the most important generalisations that can be made, and the general lessons that can be learned about the reactivity, and relative reactivities, one with the other, of the prototypical flve-membered aromatic heterocycles pyrroles, furans and thiophenes. 

ERANET projects could explore this in several of the surveys, looking for examples of good practice and drawing out general lessons for future projects. 

The Soviets tended to use chemical weapons much like the Italians did in Ethiopia and like the U.S. Army had used nonlethal agents in Vietnam. One military writer summed up the general lesson learned ... 

Each of these is srnnmarised below, with diagrams. The causes and the steps taken to rectify the problem are explained, and the general lessons learnt are set out in the context of the future development of LMFR technology. References are given in the cases for which more detailed information has been published. 

The general lesson to be learned is always the same no weak points compromising safety must be left in a plant. Human errors, as in the cases of TMI and Chernobyl, will succeed in finding them and will cause disasters and fatalities. I don t believe, as some anti-nuclear people maintain, that if an accident can happen, sooner or later it will happen , however, experience indicates that accident possibility must be seriously considered during all the phases of the life of a nuclear plant. ... 

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