Gene reporter molecules

J.X. Yu, L. Liu, V.D. Kodibagkar, W. Cui, R.P. Mason, Synthesis and evaluation of novel enhanced gene reporter molecules Detection of /t-Galactosidase activity using F NMR of trifluoromethylated Aryl jS-o-galactopyranosides, Bioorg. Med. Chem. 14 (2006) 326-333. 

The observation of dependent variable values (in functional experiments this is cellular response) as they happen (i.e., as the agonist or antagonist binds to the receptor and as the cell responds) is referred to as real time. In contrast, a response chosen at a single point in time is referred to as stop-time experimentation. There are certain experimental formats that must utilize stop-time measurement of responses since the preparation is irreparably altered by the process of measuring response. For example, measurement of gene activation through reporter molecules necessitates lysis of the cell. Therefore, only one... 

W. Cui, P. Otten, Y. Li, K. Koeneman, J. Yu, R.P. Mason, A novel NMR approach to assessing gene transfection 4-fluoro-2-nitrophenyl-/ -D-galactopyranoside as a prototype reporter molecule for j -galactosidase, Magn. Reson. Med. 51 (2004) 616-620. 

Dyes and Applications. The green fluorescence protein (GFP) is a strongly fluorescent reporter molecule that stems from the jellyfish Aquorea victoria [28]. It has a fluorescein-like characteristic, it requires no cofactors or substrates, and is species-independent. GFP engineering has produced different color mutants which have been used for gene expression, tracing of cell lineage, and as fusion tags to monitor protein localization [29],... 

PET and SPECT systems enable molecular and cell/tissue 3D visualization to be widely applied in clinical diagnosis and research studies. Studies supported by these techniques should allow the development of new therapies, such as inununo- and gene therapies, cell trafficking, infectious diseases, and cancer. PET and SPECT are very sensitive techniques that allow sections of a body to be imaged independently of physical properties and, therefore, there seans to be no limit to the range of applications. The reasons for this versatility are related to the availability of many different probes and of reporter molecules to target each kind of molecule. Both... 

Detailed protein structures have been reported for BPI and CETP. Given the aforementioned similarities within this gene family, these protein structures serve as a likely model for the protein structure of PLTP. CETP and BPI are elongated molecules, shaped like a boomerang. There are two domains with similar folds, and a central beta-sheet domain between these two domains. The molecules contain two lipid-binding sites, one in each domain near the interface of the barrels and the central beta-sheet. 

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