Gene cluster/clustering

The majority of industrial research describes classical approaches to yield improvement (49). However, there has been some work using genetically modified organisms. In the case of these recombinant organisms, the carotenoid biosynthetic gene cluster has been expressed in noncarotegenic species such as E. coli (50) and S. cerevisiae (51). 

Table 11.1 Predicted sizes and proposed functions of each protein product of the mitomycin C biosynthetic gene cluster.

There has been one report on the biosynthesis of FR900482 [114]. Radiolabeled D-glucosamine 33 and AHBA 38 were efficiently incorporated into 6, and D-[l-13C]-glucosamine was incorporated in the expected orientation (Figure 11.10). The biosynthetic gene cluster for FR900482 has been isolated from Streptomyces sandaensis and indicates a strong biosynthetic relationship with mitomycin C (Y. Mao, D. H. Sherman, unpublished results). 

Bam HI restriction map giving approximate size (Kb) of the fragments in the 16 Kb xanthan gene cluster... 

Figure 7.11 Restriction map of Xanthomonas campestris xanthan gene cluster. Adapted from R W Vanderslice at at. Genetic engineering of polysaccharide structure In Xanthomonas campestris. In Biomedical and Biotechnological Advances In Industrial Polysaccharides, 1989, Gordon and Breach N Y.

Group of transmembrane proteins engaged in the presentation of small peptide fragments to T-cells. Two classes of Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules exist both of which are encoded by a highly polymorphic gene cluster. MHC class I and class II proteins present peptide fragments to CD8+ and CD4+ T-cells, respectively. The human MHC is also known as HLA, the murine MHC as H-2 complex. 

Recently, a novel class of type 1-like human IFNs, named 1FN-A,1 or lL-29,1FN-A.2 (1F-28A) and 1FN-X3 (1F-28B), was identified (Dumoutier et al. 2003 Sheppard et al. 2003). The three IFN-A, genes cluster on human chromosome 19 and comprise 5 exons for 1FN-A,1 and 6 for 1FN-A.2 and 1FN-A.3, and several introns (Table 1). They encode 20- to 22-kDa secreted monomeric proteins of 196 to 200 amino acids. Type 111 IFNs have also been identified in other species such as mice, birds, and fish. 

Functional proteins are also involved in high-affinity Ni transport for hydrogenase synthesis. One example is the nikABCDE gene cluster of Escherichia coli 20). NikA is a periplasmic Ni-binding protein. 

Gene cluster encoding CODH/ACS, the CFeSP, and methyltransferase isolated and characterized. ... 

The most extensive studies on the genetics and molecular biology of CODH have been performed with the coo system of R. rubrum. A coo gene cluster contains CODH (CooS), an Fe-S electron-transfer protein (CooF), metal cluster assembly proteins (CooCTJ) (126), and... 

C. thermoaceticum contains a gene cluster encoding at least five genes in the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway (130). These genes are apparently not regulated by CO. The CODH activity does increase about fourfold when methanogenic cells are exposed to CO (131). There is... 

Some of this differential expression is achieved by having different regions of chromatin available for transcription in cells from various tissues. For example, the DNA containing the P-globin gene cluster is in active chromatin in the reticulocyte but in inactive chromatin in muscle cells. All the factors involved in the determination of active chromatin have not been elucidated. The presence of nucleosomes and of complexes of histones and DNA (see Chapter 36) certainly provides a barrier against the ready association of transcription fac-... 

Unicelluar algal and bacterial genes were the first to be isolated and characterized and led to the isolation of most of the higher plant genes involved in carotenoid biosynthesis. Carotenogenic gene clusters from bacteria and algae" - - - contributed immensely to the elucidation of the carotenoid pathway. 

Tao, L. et al., A carotenoid synthesis gene cluster from Algoriphagus sp. KK10202C with a novel fusion-type lycopene beta-cyclase gene. Mol. Genet. Genomics 379, 101, 2006. 

Sandmann, G., Carotenoid analysis in mutants from Escherichia coli transformed with carotenogenic gene cluster and Scenedesmus obliquus mutant C-6D, Meth. Enzymol. 214, 341, 1993. 

Iwagami S, K Yang, J Davies (2000) Characterization of the protocatechuate acid catabolic gene cluster from Streptomyces sp. strain 2065. Appl Environ Microbiol 66 1499-1508. 

Baitsch D, C Sandn, R Brandsch, GL Igloi (2001) Gene cluster on pAOl of Arthrobacter nicotinovorans involved in degradation of the plant alkaloid nicotine cloning, purification, and characterization of 2,6-dihydroxypyridine 3-hydrolase. J Bacterid 183 5262-5267. 

Bertoni G, M Martino, E Galli, P Barbieri (1998) Analysis of the gene cluster encoding toluene/o-xylene monooxygenase from Pseudomonas stutzeri 0X1. Appl Environ Microbiol 64 3626-3632. 

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