Gasoline Exhaust Particles

B. Franzen, M. Jansson, J. A. Gustafsson, K. E. Egeback, and G. Tejle, Chemical and Biological Characterization of Organic Material from Gasoline Exhaust Particles, Environ. Sci. Technol., 19, 43-50 (1985). 

Fig. 2 EPR spectra for solid PM samples from air pollution and vehicular exhaust. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP), Total suspended particles (TSP), Gasoline exhaust particles (GEP), PMjo, PM2.5 and PM0.7...

The two instruments most suited to the sputter depth profiling of individual particles are the Auger and ion microprobes. The characterization of automobile exhaust particles produced in the combustion of leaded gasoline will be used to illustrate this point. 

Raunemaa, T., Hyvonen, V., and Kauppinen, E. (1984) Submicron size particle growth and chemical transformation in gasoline exhaust, 1. Size distribution and transformation, J. Aerosol Sci. 15, 335-341. 

Figure 7.2 shows the comparison of the Py-MS spectra obtained from the ICM (referred to as tunnel particles in the figure) and the three most likely contributor materials. While there are many ions in common, the patterns of ions in the spectra of the three contributor materials are distinctly different from each other. Using a statistical method for the comparison of the Py-MS spectra of the three contributor materials to the spectrum for the ICM, the authors estimated that diesel exhaust particulates, gasoline exhaust particulates, and tire wear particulates accounted for 64, 26, and 10%, respectively, of the tunnel insoluble carbonaceous material. 

Patterson thought he could identify the culprit If the high concentrations of lead observed in a few surface waters of the Pacific were representative of the sea surface of the entire northern hemisphere, the bulk of this lead could be readily be accounted for as originating from leaded gasolines. The hypothesis was unproven, but Patterson immediately understood its social implications. Automobile exhaust emitted lead as soluble lead-halide particles, which humans and other mammals easily absorb. When Patterson reported his ocean sediment research in an encyclopedic, 45-page article in 1962, he handed a copy to a colleague saying, Read it. It s important. ... 

In urban areas, the typical dominant sources of fine organic aerosol particles are diesel exhaust, gasoline-powered vehicle exhaust, meat cooking operations, smoke from wood combustion, and paved road dust followed by four smaller sources of particles tire wear, vegetative detritus, natural gas combustion, and cigarette smoke. ... 

Transportation sources, particularly automobiles, are a major source of air pollution and include smoke, lead particles from tetraethyl lead additives, CO, nitrogen oxides, and hydrocarbons. Since the mid-1960s there has been significant progress in reducing exhaust emissions, particularly with the use of low-lead or no-lead gasoline as well as... 

CDDs are released into the air in emissions from municipal solid waste and industrial incinerators. Exhaust from vehicles powered with leaded and unleaded gasoline and diesel fuel also release CDDs to the air. Other sources of CDDs in air include emissions from oil- or coal-fired power plants, burning of chlorinated compounds such as PCBs, and cigarette smoke. CDDs formed during combustion processes are associated with small particles in the air, such as ash. The larger particles will be deposited close to the emission source, while very small particles may be... 

Car Exhaust, Diesel, Gasoline, ModeUing, Ozone, Particles, Photoreactors... 

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