Gaseous planets

This division corresponds to the division into rocky planets of the inner solar system and gaseous planets of the outer solar system, separated by the minor planets. By analogy, a larger sequence of solar satellites (planetoids, comets), of which the Pluto/Charon system is the first, is predicted to continue the regular progression beyond Neptune. 

Uranus -- the second largest planet in the solar system with retrograde revolution. Uranus a gaseous planet and it has 10 dark rings and 15 satellites. 

Neptune -- another gaseous planet with an atmosphere consisting of hydrogen, helium, and methane. Neptune has 3 rings and 2 satellites. Neptune was named after the Roman sea god that its atmosphere has the same color of the seas. 

The basis of most environmental issues is pollution. But what is pollution Keep in mind that with very minor exceptions, virtually all of the atoms in the solid, liquid, and gaseous parts of the Earth have been a part of the planet for all of its approximately 4.5 billion years of existence. Very few of these atoms have changed (i.e., by radioactive decay) or departed to space. 

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. As described in Chapter 3, a solution contains a solvent and one or more solutes. The solvent determines the state of the solution, and normally the solvent is the component present in the greatest quantity. The most common solutions are liquids with water as solvent, but solutions exist in all three states of matter. The atmosphere of our planet, air, is a gaseous solution with molecular nitrogen as the solvent. Steel is a solid solution containing solutes such as chromium and carbon that add strength to the solvent, iron. 

Helens emissions An estimation of the magma reservoir volume. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 28 85-89 Le Cloarec M-F, Allard P, Ardouin B, Giggenbach WF, Sheppard DS (1992) Radioactive isotopes and trace elements in gaseous emissions from White Island, New Zealand. Earth Planet Sci Lett 108 19-28 Le Cloarec M-F, Pennisi M, Corazza E, Lambert G (1994) Origin of fumarolic flnids emitted from a nonerapting volcano Radionuchde constraints at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 4401-4410... 

The gravitation of the earth attracts the gaseous components of the air, which exert a force, known as atmospheric pressure, on the surface of the planet. The pressure on any particular place on the earth s surface depends on the amount of air above the place. It follows that the atmospheric pressure decreases at high altitudes, increases at low altitudes and below sea level, and is also affected by changes in weather. Measuring the atmospheric pressure is usually done with physical instruments known as barometers (see Fig. 83). 

The volatile materials would have vaporised from the surface of the planetesimals once the temperature reached 160 K below this temperature water sticks to silicate surfaces and condenses, ultimately freezing into ice. The new gaseous material is swept away from the planetesimals by the solar wind of particles, leaving bare planetesimals too small to acquire and maintain an atmosphere. The temperature gradient and location within the solar nebula are then important to the ultimate nature and composition of the planets themselves and interplanetary debris. 

Most of the water on Earth s surfece is in the ocean relatively little is present in the atmosphere or on land. Because of its chemical and physical properties, this water has had a great influence on the continuing biogeochemical evolution of our planet. Most notably, water is an excellent solvent. As such, the oceans contain at least a little bit of almost every substance present on this planet. Reaction probability is enhanced if the reactants are in dissolved fitrm as compared with their gaseous or solid phases. Many of the chemical changes that occur in seawater and the sediments are mediated by marine organisms. In some cases, marine organisms have developed unique biosynthetic pathways to help them survive the environmental conditions fitimd only in the oceans. Some of their metabolic products have proven useful to humans as pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food additives, and cosmeceuticals. 

Planet Earth acquired an ocean early in its history, probably by 3.8 billion years before present. Most of the water is thought to have been released during the process of differentiation in which density-driven convection and cooling caused the still-molten planet to separate into layers of decreasing density, i.e., core, mantle, crust, and atmosphere. Once the crust had cooled sufficiently, gaseous water condensed to form a permanent ocean. 

You won t find this happening in your fireplace, though. It doesn t have enough heat or high enough pressure. The cores of stars have supercritical fluids, and the planet Jupiter has some gaseous layers that are supercritical and denser than water. Most decaffeinated coffee has its caffeine removed using supercritical carbon dioxide. 

Richer P, Bottinga Y, Javoy M (1977) A review of H, C, N, O, S, and Q stable isotope fractionation among gaseous molecules. Ann Rev Earth Planet Sci 5 65-110 Richter FM (2007) Isotopic fingerprints of mass transport processes. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 71 A839... 

Prinn, R. G. (1993) Chemistry and evolution of gaseous circumstellar disks. In Protostars and Planets III, eds. Levy, E. H. and Lunine, J. I. Tucson University of Arizona Press, pp. 1005-1028. 

Impurity-related defects (S03 and Cff3) Irradiation of solid C02 doped with water vapour, gaseous S02 and CH4 produces signals of impurity-related defects.124 Contamination of water gave OH radicals with similar g factors but different linewidths. Methyl radicals (CH3 ) and S02 were observed in addition to C02 and C03. H02 radicals generated by electric discharges in C02 atmosphere with moisture were observed in the dry ice frost condensed on the cold tip from the C02 atmosphere. The lifetimes of defects at ambient temperatures of outer planet were obtained by extrapolating the decay time as a function of the absolute reciprocal temperature, 1 /T.m... 

Oxygen is the most abundant element in the Earth s crust and accounts for 23 % of the mass of the atmosphere. In fact, Earth is the only planet in the solar system with an oxidizing atmosphere. On Mars, oxygen provides only 0.15% of the atmospheric mass and in the atmospheres of the outer planets, oxygen is essentially nonexistent. In the hot atmosphere of Venus, the oxygen has reacted and is present mainly as carbon dioxide. In that form, and as certain other gaseous oxides, it contributes to the warming of the planet (Box 15.1). 

The original water and air associated with the newly formed planet were lost because of the high temperatures. As the earth cooled, water and various gases on the surface and in the atmosphere were produced by an outgassing process. Today the earth is only about 0.5% water by weight, but because of water s low density, most of it is present on the earth s surface, where it has a major impact on the environment. Water cycles through its gaseous form in the atmosphere and its liquid form in the oceans and bodies of fresh water. 

In this chapter we will study the gaseous mixture we know as the air (or atmosphere) and the most important and plentiful liquid on this planet, water. The importance of air and water is not in doubt. Without either of these, life would not be possible on Earth ... 

Like sublimation, deposition plays a lesser role in the water cycle than some other phase changes, but it is no less important to the overall process. Deposition moves gaseous water in the air into the planets water cycle. 

Richet R Bottinga Y. Javoy M. A review of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and chlorine stable isotope fractionation among gaseous molecules. Annu. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 1977, 5, 65-110. 

The chemistry of the early history of the earth and other planets depends upon the cosmic abundance of the elements, the temperature of the accumulating planets and the gravitational fields which permit or prevent the escape of gaseous molecules and the properties of chemical substances under the conditions existing. Because of the detailed character of chemical evidence considerable information in regard to the early history can be deduced. [96]... 

Atmosphere, the The gaseous envelop surrounding a planet the Earth s atmosphere is surrounded by a mass of air largely composed of oxygen (20.9%) and nitrogen (79.1%) by volume and carbon dioxide (0.03%) and traces of noble gases, water vapor, organic matter, and suspended solid particles. 

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