GAS PIPE

The gas processing options described in the previous section were designed primarily to meet on-site usage or evacuation specifications. Before delivery to the customer further processing would normally be carried out at dedicated gas processing plants, which may receive gas from many different gas and oil fields. Gas piped to such plants is normally treated to prevent liquid drop out under pipeline conditions (dew point control) but may still contain considerable volumes of natural gas liquids (NGL) and also contaminants. 

Some U.S. natural gas pipeline companies are subsidiaries of gas hoi ding companies. The largest U.S. natural gas pipeline companies, in terms of overall length of transmission systems are Northern Natural Gas Company, 26,539 km Tennessee Gas Pipeline Corporation, 23,567 km Columbia Gas Transmission Company, 18,481 km Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America, 17,200 km and Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation, 17,071 km. For gas moved in 1994, the four largest pipelines were ANR Pipeline Company, 95,278 x 10 m (3,363,275 MMcf), of which 40.8% was gas moved for others Transcontinental Gas Pipe Line Corporation, 87, 050 x 10 m (3,073,801 MMcf), of which 99.7% was moved for others Natural Gas Pipeline Company of America, 83,089 x 10 m (2,933,940 MMcf), of which 87.1% was moved for others and Northern Natural Gas Company, 56, 523 x 10 m ... 

Fuel Gas Piping (B31.2) is no longer an ANSI/ASME code. See American Gas Association (AGA) National Fuel Gas Code, Z223.1. 

Viscous Transport. Low velocity viscous laminar dow ia gas pipes is commonplace. Practical gas dow can be based on pressure drops of <50% for low velocity laminar dow ia pipes whose length-to-diameter ratio may be as high as several thousand. Under laminar dow, bends and fittings add to the frictional loss, as do abmpt transitions. 

J. O. Harris, Microhio/ogica/ Studies Revea/ Significant Factors in Oi/ and Gas Pipe/ine Back-Fi//ed Technical Bulletin 102, Kansas State University,... 

B31.2 Fuel Gas Piping For Biel gas for steamgenerating stations and industrial buildings Latest issue 1968... 

Pipe-hue pumping stations usually range from 16 to 160 km (10 to 100 miles) apart, with maximum pressures up to 6900 kPa (1000 Ibf/ in") and velocities up to 3 m/s (10 ft/s) for liquid. Gas pipe lines have higher velocities and may have greater spacing of stations. 

Equations Commonly Used for Calculating Hydraulic Data for Gas Pipe Lines... 

Because of the reciprocating action of the piston, care must be exer-ci.sed to size the piping to minimize acoustical pulsations and mechanical vibrations. As a rule of thumb, suction and discharge lines should be sized for a maximum actual velocity of 30 ft/.sec (1,800 ft/min) to 42 ft/sec (2,500 ft/min). Volume 1 contains the necessary formulas for determining pressure drop and velocity in gas piping. 

The sizing procedure for gas piping must take both high-pressure and low-pressure flow conditions into consideration if the operating pressure of the line changes over time. 

Gas-pfeife, /. gas pipe, -pressuag, /. gas pressure. -probe, /. gas test gas testing gas sample, -priifer, m. gas tester eudiometer, -quelle, /. gas well, -raum, m. gas volume, volume of gas. 

Kanalisations-rohr, n., -rohre, /. sewer pipe, water pipe, gas pipe, or electric conduit. 

From a practical standpoint, coal, because of its abundance, has received the most attention as a source for synthetic fuels. As early as 1807, a coal-gas system was used to light the streets of London, and until the 1930s, when less expensive and safer natural gas started to flow through newly constructed pipelines, gas piped to homes in the Eastern United States was derived from coal. Kerosene, originally a byproduct from the coking of coal tor metallurgical applications, can be considered the first synthetic lic -uid fuel made in quantity. But once crude oil became cheap and abundant, there was little serious research on synthetic liquid fuels in the industrial world until the Energy Crisis of 1973. The main exceptions to... 

By the principles outlined in the examples, gas pipe line systems may be analyzed, paralleled, cross-tied, etc. 

The concurrent flow of liquid and gas in pipe lines has received considerable study [33], [35], [37], [41], However, pressure drop prediction is not extremely reliable except for several gas pipe line conditions. The general determinadons of pressure drop for plant process lines can only he approximated. 

Boyer, R. L., Modern Gas Pipe Line Compressors, Engineering Data, Vol. 11, Cooper-Bessemer Corp., and Petroleum Engineer. 

Flashing liquids, 134-146 Flow coefficients, Gv, for valves, 81 Friction loss, 68 Incompressible fluid, 71 Laminar flow, 77, 78, 86 Liquid lines, chart, 92 Long natural gas pipe lines, 120 Non-water liquids, 99 Pipe, 71... 

Equation (20) is sometimes used for calculations involving short runs of gas piping or when pressure drop is not a significant fraction (< 0.1) of the total pressure. A more accurate correlation for gases is given by the Weymouth formula (A2, K3),... 

The spurred impetus has been given to developing non pollutant vehicles, and consequently, the clean cars driven by the fuel cells loading proton exchange membranes (PEMFC), which based upon Nafion, have been surprisingly developed. A promising less pollutant and economical system is also expected, which will be the on site cogeneration system of electric power and the hot water supply with use of fuel cells combined with city gas pipe-lines. 

Given y based on the type of gas pipe length, diameter, and type pipe entrances and exits total number and type of fittings total pressure drop upstream gas density. 

Figure 4. Critical values of lead for the impact zone ecosystems of main natural gas pipe line Yamal-West (g/ha/yr).

Bashkin, V. N., Kazak, A. S., Snakin, V. V., Priputina, I. V., Khrisanov, V. R., Kochurov, B. I. (2002). Sustainability of Ecosystems to Gas Pipe Line Emissions. Moscow-Smolenks Univer-sum Publishing House, 232 pp. 

USA no precise coordinates for excavation work During excavation activities a natural gas pipe got damaged causing the environment to be evacuated 5 1980 - 1999 USA,The Netherlands... 

Most fires involving gas in the oil and gas industry will be associated with a high pressure and labeled as "jet" fires. A jet fire is a pressurized stream of combustible gas or atomized liquid (such as a high pressure release from a gas pipe or wellhead blowout event) that is burning. If such a release is ignited soon after it occurs, (i.e., within 2 -3 minutes), the result is an intense jet... 

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