Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection

Gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometric detection has also been applied to the detection of... 

Samples are analysed using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). This instmment separates the organic hydrocarbons in the extract with a very high resolution fused silica capillary column prior to mass spectrometric detection. Acquisition parameters have been customized to detect the target list of 162 hydrocarbons with the sensitivity required to obtain 1 part-per-trillion reporting limits which represents an innovation in these analytics. 

Whilst these methods are informative for the characterisation of synthetic mixtures, the information gained and the nature of these techniques precludes their use in routine quantitative analysis of environmental samples, which requires methods amenable to the direct introduction of aqueous samples and in particular selective and sensitive detection. Conventionally, online separation techniques coupled to mass spectrometric detection are used for this, namely gas (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC). As a technique for agrochemical and environmental analyses, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled to atmospheric pressure ionisation-mass spectrometry (API-MS) is extremely attractive, with the ability to analyse relatively polar compounds and provide detection to very low levels. 

Figure 13.19 Chromatograms obtained by on-line SPE-GC-MS(SIM) of (a) 10 ml of tap water spiked with pesticides at levels of 0.1 ng 1 1 (b) 10 ml of a sample of unspiked tap water. Peak identification for (a) is as follows 1, molinate 2, a-HCH 3, dimethoate 4, simazine 5, atrazine 6, y-HCH 7, 8-HCH 8, heptachlor 9, ametryn 10. prometryn 11, fen-itrothion 12, aldrin 13, malathion 14, endo-heptachlor 15, a-endosulfan 16, tetrachlor-vinphos 17, dieldrin. Reprinted from Journal of Chromatography, A 818, E. Pocurull et al., On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection to determine pesticides in water , pp. 85-93, copyright 1998, with permission from Elsevier Science.

E. Pocurull, C. Aguilar, F. Borrull and R. M. Marce, On-line coupling of solid-phase extraction to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection to determine pesticides in water , J. Chromatogr. 818 85-93 (1998). 

AAS = atomic absorption spectrometry GC/FID = gas chromatography/f1ame ignition detector GC/FPD = gas chromatography/f1ame photometric detector ICP/AES = inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy ICP/MS = inductively coupled plasma with mass spectrometric detection... 

B. Bouyssiere, J. Szpunar, R. Lobinski, Gas chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection in speciation analysis, Spectrochim. Acta, 57B (2002), 805 D 828. 

Rodriguez, I., Mounicou, S., Lobinski, R., Sidelnikov, V., Patrushev, Y., Yamanaka, M. Species selective analysis by microcolumn multicapillary gas chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. Anal. Chem. 71, 4534-4543 (1999)... 

The remainder of the chapter discusses microdialysis coupled to mass spectrometric detection to both on-line and off-line methods, with an emphasis on analysis of drugs. Applications of microdialysis/mass spectrometry to gas chro-matography (GC), liquid chromatography (LC), and flow injection into the mass spectrometer are discussed. In particular, approaches to overcome problems with introduction of high-ionic-strength dialysate into the mass spectrometer are described. 

Vonderheide, A. P., Montes-Bayon, M., and Caruso, J. A. 2002. Development and application of a method for the analysis of brominated flame retardants by fast gas chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. J Anal Atom Spectrom 17(11), 1480-1485. 

Lambropoulou, D.A., Konstantinou, I.K., and Albanis, T.A., Determination of fungicides in natural waters using solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography coupled with electron-capture and mass spectrometric detection, /. Chromatogr. A, 893,143,2000. 

Bouyssiere, B., Baco, F, Savory, L., and Lobinski, R. (2002) Speciation analysis for mercury in gas condensates by capillary gas chromatography with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometric detection. J. Chromatogr., 976,431-9. 

In a well-equipped laboratory it is mandatory that these three techniques be coupled with a mass spectrometric detector in order to achieve a combination of resolution of mixtures, positive identification of separated organics and the high sensitivity that is essential when dealing with environmental samples. The penetration of mass spectrometers in recent years is indicated by the fact that of the 50 types of organic compound that have been determined by gas chromatography in 21 cases mass spectrometric detection is discussed. This trend will, no doubt, continue. 

Wang, K.D., Chen, P.S., Huang, S.D. Simultaneous derivatization and extraction of chloro-phenols in water samples with up-and-down shaker-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction coupled with gas chromatography/mass spectrometric detection. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 406, 2123-2131 (2014)... 

Vichi, S., Castellote, A.I., Pizzale, L., Conte, L.S., Buxaderas, S., and Lopez-Tamames, E. Analysis of virgin ohve oil volatile compounds by headspace solid-phase microextraction coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometric and flame ionization detection. Journal of Chromatography A, 983, 19-33. 2003. 

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