Galium aparine

Selectivity between wheat and Galium aparine is based on differences in deposition, absorption and metabolism in both plants. 

S. Murata, A. Yuda, A. Nakano, Y. Kimura, K. Motoba, T. Mabuchi, Y. Miura, H. Nishizawa, and S. Funayama, Mechanisms of selective action of the peroxidizing herbicide ET-751 on wheat and Galium aparine, in Proceedings of the 1995 Brighton Crop Protection Conference-Weeds, vol. 1, pp. 243-248 (1995). 

Soil. Residual activity in soil is limited to approximately 3-4 months (Hartley and Kidd, 1987). Plant. The penetration, translocation, and metabolism of radiolabeled MCPA in a cornland weed Galium aparine) was studied by Leafe (1962). Carbon dioxide was identified as a metabolite but this could only account for 7% of the applied MCPA. Though no additional compounds were identified, it was postulated that MCPA was detoxified in the weed via loss of both carbon atoms of the side chain. 

N.A. Galium aparine L. Iridoid valepotriates, polyphenolic acids, anthraquinones, tannins.99107 For vitamin C deficiency. 

Comus officinalis, Menyanthes trifoliata, Pedicularis palustris, P. canadensis Galium aparine... 

F. Scheltrup and K. Grossmann, Abscisic Acid is a Causative Factor in the Mode of Action of the Auxinic Herbicide, Quinmerac, in Cleaver (Galium aparine L.) , J. Plant Physiol., 1996,147, 118-126,. 

Flucetosulfuron [188,189] is a sulfonylurea experimental postemergence herbicide for controlling grasses such as barnyard grass in rice and broadleaf weeds such as Galium aparine in cereals. It shares with previously introduced sulfonylurea herbicides a common mode of action, inhibition of the ALS enzyme, a key enzyme in the biosynthesis of branched amino acids, such as leucine, isoleucine, and valine [76],... 

Post-emergency control of many important broadleaf weeds including Galium aparine, Stellaria media, Chenopodium spp., Amaranthus retroflexus etc. in wheat, barley, rye, maize... 

Post-emergence control of annual broad-leaved weeds especially Galium aparine, Lamium sp. and Veronica sp. in winter and spring small grain cereals... 

Figure 2. Three-phase-process of auxin herbicide action exemplified for the dicot weed Galium aparine after root-uptake and translocation in the plant (shown in autoradiographs using labelled compound).

Figure 3. Model of the mode of action of auxin herbicides in the induction of growth inhibition, tissue damage and senescence in dicot plant species, as illustrated for cleavers Galium aparine). ABA, abscisic acid ACC, 1 -aminocyclopropane-1 -carboxylic acid ROS, reactive oxygen species SAM, S-adenosylmethionine. Modified fiom [20,41],...

Fluroxypyr 0.5-0.6 l.ha-1 postemergently in occurrence of catch weed Galium aparine), possible divided dose 2 x 0.3 1 (from 14 BBCH)... 

Galium aparine-. cleavers - Iridaceae irises -Lactuca saliva lettuce - Myristica fragrans nutmeg... 

The range of action of a-phenoxypropionic acids differs from that of phenoxyacetic acids, as was established by Luckwill and Lloyd-Jones (1960). They assumed that decarboxylation causing the detoxication of the molecule is inhibited in certain plant species because of the a-methyl substitution, and that this kills the weeds resistant to phenoxyacetic acids (Fawcett et al., 1953 Lush and Leafe, 1956). Leafe (1962) found that Galium aparine (cleavers), resistant to MCPA, is killed by... 

It is a postemergence systemic herbicide, recommended for the control of some Poligonum spp., Galium aparine. Stellaria media, and Tussilago farfara weeds in cereal crops at a rate of 2.5 kg active ingredient/ha. It is generally used in combination with other herbicides (2,4-D MCPA 2,4,5-T mecoprop ioxynil bromoxynil, bentazon). 

Pyridate is a contact selective herbicide with foliar activity. It is effective for the control of annual broad-leaved weeds and some grassy weeds on cereals, maize, rice and some other crops at a rate of 1.0-1.5 kg active ingredient/ha. It has the advantage of killing efficiently some triazine-resistant weeds, such as Galium aparine and Amaranthus retroflexus in their early development (Discus et al., 1976). 

Benazolin is a selective postemergence herbicide translocated in the phloem. Combined with phenoxy herbicides, such as MCPA and MCPB, 2,4-DB and 2,4-DP, it efficiently controls many broad-leaved weeds, particularly Stellaria media and Galium aparine, in undersown cereals and direct sown leys. Alone it is used against wild mustard, chickweed cleavers and oil seed rape at a rate of 0.9-2.S kg active ingredient/ha (Shafer and Stobbe, 1973a, Rea et al. 1976). Used in the form of its water-soluble sodium or potassium salt it is not adsorbed in the soil and is rapidly leached. 

Trials were made on seedlings of oil seed rape (Brassica napus), chick weed (Stellaria media), cleavers (Galium aparine), mayweed (Tripleurospermum maritimum) and spurry (Spergula arvensis), sprayed with chlorsulfuron at rates of... 

R-40 244 is a preemergence herbicide against broad-leaved weeds in a number of crops. It controls many problem weeds such as Amaranthus spp., Chenopodium album, Galium aparine. Polygonum spp., Sinapis arvensis and Solanum nigrum. 

Many quinoline derivatives are important biologically active agents. 8-Hydroxyquinoline and some of its halogenated derivatives are used as antiseptics. Chloroquine 111 is one of the older but still important antimalarials. A -Alkyl-4-quinolone-3-carboxylic acid and systems derived therefrom are constituents of antibacterials (gyrase inhibitors [112]) such as nalidixic acid 112, ciprofloxazin 113 and moxifloxazin 114. The quinoline-8-carboxylic acid derivative 115 (quinmerac) is employed as a herbicide for Galium aparine and other broad-leaved weeds. Methoxatin 116, known as coenzyme PQQ is a heterotricyclic mammalian cofactor for lysyl oxidase and dopamine P-hydroxylase [113]. 

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