Galectins expression

The down-regulated proteins in HCC tissues have been identified. Park et al. identified aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (25) and ferritin light chain (32). Kim et al. identified HSP 27, cathepsin D, and others (26). Lim et al. identified cytochrome B5, liver car-boxyesterase, and others (27). Li et al. identified SOD 1, aldolase B, and others (28). Fujii et al. identified galectin-1 (29). Kim et al. identified argininosuccinate synthase, carbamoyl-phosphate s mthase, and others (31). Table 1 shows the summary of the proteins whose expression was different between HCC cancer tissues and non-cancerous tissues. 

Table 3 shows the proteins up-regulated or down-regulated in panereatie eaneer tissues. Shen et al. reported that, in panereatie eaneer tissues, expressions of Mn-SOD, S100A8, annexin A4, eathepsin D, 14-3-3 zeta, tropomyosin 2, aetin, ferritin light chain, alpha-enolase, galectin-1, and cyclophilin A increased, and that those of peroxiredoxin... 

Galectin-3 is a beta galactoside binding lectin that is expressed in a large number of normal and neoplastic tissues.In 1995 Xu and coworkers examined the expression of galectin-1 and galectin-3 in a small series of thyroid tumors and found expression of these lectins in papillary and follicular carcinomas but not... 

Xu XC, el-Na ar AK, Lotan R. Differential expression of ga-lectin-1 and galectin-3 in thyroid tumors. Potential diagnostic implications. Am J Pathol. 1995 147 815-822. 

Fernandez PL, Merino MJ, Gomez M, et al. Galectin-3 and laminin expression in neoplastic and non-neoplastic thyroid tissue. J Pathol. 1997 181 80-86. 

Herrmarm ME, LiVolsi VA, Pasha TL, et al. Immunohistochemical expression of galectin 3 in benign and malignant lesions. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2002 126 710-713. 

Volante M, Bozzalla-Cassione F, DePompa R, et al. Galectin-3 and HBME-1 expression in oncocytic cell tumors of the thyroid. Virchows Arch. 2004 445 183-188. 

Sconamiglio T, Hyjek E, Kao J, et al. Diagnostic usefulness of HBME-1, galectin-3, CK19 and CITEDl and evaluation of their expression in encapsulated lesions with questionable featrrres of papillary thyroid carcinoma. Am J Clin Pathol. 2006 126 700-708. 

Sienko AE, Allen TC, Barrios R, et al. Expression of galectin-4 in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) and correlation with survival. Mod Pathol. 2008 21 351A. 

Carbohydrates have demonstrated an increasing role in tumor biology, with a known correlation between the expression of the ga-lectin 3 receptor and the propensity for metastatic spread in pre-clinical models (57). The carbohydrate GCS-lOO is a pectin derivative that binds to the galectin 3 receptor. Pectin is the methylated ester of poly gal acturonic acid. 

Growth factor-induced hexosamine catabolism ultimately enforces glycosylation and cell surface presentation of these previously sparsely expressed low multiplicity receptors. The association of the low-multiplicity receptors with galectins increases their presence and activity on the cell surface. Subsequently, their autocrine, negative feedback regulation ceases forward signalling and would ensure check and balance of cellular proliferation under physiological conditions (Fig. 4a) [20],... 

Bao, Q., and Hughes, R.C. (1995). Galectin-3 expression and effects on cyst enlargement and tubulogenesis in kidney epithelial MDCK cells cultured in three-dimensional matrices in vitro./. CeUSd. 108, 2791-2800. 

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