Gadolinium, chlorides

Ahmad, N. et al., Inhibition of macrophages with gadolinium chloride alters intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression in the liver during acute endotoxemia in rats, Hepatology, 29, 728, 1999. 

One way to produce gadohnium is by heating anhydrous gadolinium chloride with calcium (e.g., 2GdGlj + 3Ga —> 2Gd + 3GaGlj). The commercial process of ion exchange is used to produce most gadolinium. 

Badger, D.A.. Kuester, R.K., Sauer, J.M. Sipes, I.G. (1997) Gadolinium chloride reduces cytochrome P450 relevance to chemical-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicology, 121, 143-153 Barber, E.D., Donish, W.H. Mueller, K.R. (1981) A procedure for the quantitative measurement... 

Husztik, E., Lazar, G. Rarduez, A. (1980) Eleetton microscopic study of Kupffer-cell phagocytosis blockade induced by gadolinium chloride. Br. J. exp. Pathol., 61, 624-630... 

Tetrabenzylcyclen 7 has been prepared in nearly quantitative yield by refluxing a mixture of 6 and p-toluenesulfonic acid in alcohol for 6 hours. Debenzyla-tion of 7 can be carried out by treatment with 10% Pd-C under hydrogen. Cyclen 4 is obtained in a high yield. Alkylation with chloro- or bromo acetic acid leads to the ligand DOTA 9 [25]. Subsequent complexation with gadolinium chloride or gadolinium oxide in the usual manner yields Gd-DOTA 5 (Scheme 3). 

This study shows the possibilities and specific feature of IR-pyrolysis for the formation of nanostructured carbon. In such way PAN, thermal transformations of which have been studied in detail [8-11], was chosen as the precursor for preparation of nanostructured carbon materials by carbonization of PAN and its composites with gadolinium chloride under non-coherent IR radiation. Specific action of IR-radiation on vibrational energy of PAN bands macromolecules allows one to decrease extremely time treatment and as a result to make simple, low energy and cost-effective pyrolitic method. 

Spencer AJ, Wilson SA, Batchelor J, Reid A, Rees J, Harpur E Gadolinium chloride toxicity in the rat. Toxicol Pathol 25 245-255, 1997. 

GdCIs, Gadolinium chloride, 22 39 GdFi8H606P,2C72H72, Gadolinium(III), hex-akis(diphenylphosphinic amide)-, tris(hexafluorophosphate), 23 180 GdNjOisCsHie, GadoIinium(III), trini-... 

In the last decade, extensive evidence has gathered suggesting involvement of Kupffer cell-mediated inflammatory reactions in Gin-induced liver injury. It is known that Gin leads to activation of Kupffer cells resulting in secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-a. Increased levels of TNF-a leads to neutrophilic infiltration and cytotoxicity in the liver. Depletion of both Kupffer cells by glycine and gadolinium chloride and of neutrophils by antineutrophil antibodies protect from... 

Smolyakova and Serebrennikov [78SMO/SER] measured the enthalpy change of the reaction between an aqueous solution of gadolinium chloride and Na2Se03(cr). The description of the experiments and calculations is somewhat meagre. Their data have been re-evaluated as described in Appendix A and yielded the result Af// (Gd2(SeO ,)3-8H20, am, 298.15 K) = - (5168 7) kJ-moP. ... 

Badger DA, Kuester RK, Sauer JM and Sipes IG (1997) Gadolinium chloride reduces cytochrome P450 relevance to chemical-induced hepatotoxicity. Toxicology 121 143-153. 

R. G. Thurman (1997). Gadolinium chloride blocks alcohol-dependent liver toxicity in rats treated chronically with intragastric alcohol despite the induction of CYP2E1. Mol. Pharmacol. 51, 944-950. 

FeP04 IRON PHOSPHATE 710 GdCI3 GADOLINIUM CHLORIDE 752... 

FeP04 2H20 IRON PHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE (STRENGITE) 711 GdCI3[g] GADOLINIUM CHLORIDE (GAS) 753... 

Fe0.877S PYRRHOTITE 717 GdOCI GADOLINIUM CHLORIDE OXIDE 759... 

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