Future worth determination

It is quite possible to compare a series of alternative investments by each of the profitability measures outlined in the early part of this chapter and find that different alternatives would be recommended depending on the evaluation technique used. If there is any question as to which method should be used for a final determination, net present worth should be chosen, as this will be the most likely to maximize the future worth of the company. 

Early in this section, only two sums of money were considered, one at the beginning, called present worth, P, and one at the end, called future worth, F. One of these was referred to as the single payment. The two were related by equations involving the interest rate/period and the number of periods that interest was applied. The use of compound interest to determine sums earlier in time (e.g., present worth) that are equivalent to a later, larger sum (e.g., future worth) was referred to as discounting. Factors such as 1/(1 + /)" are called discount factors. The concepts in the previous section can be extended to a veiy common situation, called the annuity, where instead of a single payment, a series of equal payments is made at equal time intervals. Annuities also involve discounting and discount factors. 

To determine F when discrete uniform payments of A each are made at the end of each of the n discrete interest periods, the future worth of all the accumulated amounts, payments and interest, are summed to give the amount of the annuity. Thus, starting with the first payment at the end of first period and finishing with the last payment at the end of the last period. 

Previously it was determined that if 13,500 is borrowed today and invested at 8% interest compounded annually, this will be worth 23,100 after seven years. This can also be reversed to say that something worth 23,100 in 1982 is worth only 13,500 in 1975. 13,500 is called the present value. It is the value today that is equivalent to some future or past profit or expense. 

Through research, it s relatively easy to determine if you re getting paid less than what you re worth in today s marketplace. Knowing exactly what you re worth helps you participate successfully in salary negotiation with your current or future employer. 

The first step in your analysis is to determine your net worth. This is a summary of your spending and saving habits. It shows the cumulative effect of your financial decisions. It not only shows how you re doing, but also gives clues to potential changes to improve your financial future. 

It is often necessary to determine the amount of money which must be available at the present time in order to have a certain amount accumulated at some definite time in the future. Because the element of time is involved, interest must be taken into consideration. The present worth (or present value) of a... 

Assume that a firm wishes to make an investment now to provide 100,000 in cash at the end of each year for the next ten years. The firm expects to receive a 10 percent return (i = 0.10) on its investment irrespective of inflation effects. However, the firm also wishes to account for an assumed annual inflation of 7 percent ( inflation = 0.07) so that the dollars its invests now are corrected for the fact that these dollars will be worth less in the future. Under these conditions, the question is how to establish the correct discount factor to determine the investment the firm needs to make at this time. In other words, what is the total present value of the future annual incomes of 100,000 for 10 years discounted for both return on investment and inflation ... 

Although the foregoing reactions are not ideal for determining the mode of bonding, they do suggest that such methods are worth further study in the future and may yield interesting results. 

Cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit analyses are frequently mentioned in academic and policy-analysis circles. These notions center on careful examination of the costs and their corresponding outputs. Eisenberg defines cost-effectiveness analysis as the measure of the net cost of providing service (expenditures minus savings) as well as the results obtained (e.g., clinical results measured singly or a series of results measured on some scale). Cost-benefit analysis determines whether the cost is worth the benefits by measuring both in the same units. Such analyses will be critical, as future policy decisions are made with regard to the collection, allocation, and utilization of finite resources in the health care system for the enhancement of health status of the American people. 

Over the last 5 years some dozens of publications have appeared in the literature, reporting new reactions of chloroarenes, catalyzed by transition metal complexes. This most recent material will be compiled with the already reviewed [1] information, in an attempt to provide comprehensive coverage to the reader. It is worth noting that the tables of data presented in our previous review [ 1 ] can serve as an informative complement to this chapter. More emphasis will be put on conceptual, mechanistic aspects of C-Cl activation, as well as experimental observations which may eventually become points of growth in the future, determining and directing further research in the area. 

The retinoid toxicology of fish is a new subject, with only a decade s worth of research. The reduction of retinoid stores with toxicant exposure has been well documented however, the mechanism of this reduction and the implications on RA and fish physiology and health have not been determined. This is partially due to the lack of technology that would allow the easy measurement of RA in fish tissues (required in some remarkably small tissue samples compared to mammals ). It is very important for future studies to establish whether reductions of stored retinoids alter RA levels and whether changes in RA are responsible for the effects of a toxicant observed in fish. However, this may be a challenge in that long-term studies (months to years) may be required to induce retinoid deficiency in fish. 

Nothing in the astrological world is more fun than being able to cast accurate charts for anyone at a moment s notice. Astrological do-it-yourself software is endlessly diverting. It enables you to calculate natal charts, compare charts, determine how the planets may affect you in the future, and, in short, entertain yourself for hours. Software isn t cheap, but if you decide it s worth the expense, the following sections give you a few recommendations. 

It is commonly recognized that a comprehensive understanding of the properties of a new material is an essential prerequisite to finding its new applications. In this respect, the study of ultrafine diamond is incomplete and its properties remain to be fully elucidated. For example, the nature of the surface functional groups and the method of their modification the nature of the agglomeration of ultrafine crystallites and effective methods of de-agglomeration to prepare mono-dispersed suspension the crystalline and surface structures of the nano-scaled diamond, etc., are appropriate subjects of research An efficient method for the determination of particle size distributions and structures of nano-sized particles in suspension is very important, and is worth developing in the near future. 

The tangible costs and benefits are then used to determine the viability of the project. Typictdly, this involves determining the net present value (NPV) of the system. Since the cost of developing the system is incurred before the systems begins to generate value for the organization over the life of the system, it is necessary to discount the future revenue streams to determine whether the project is worth undertaking. The present value of anticipated costs at a future point in time is determined by ... 

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