Futile cases

Suits and Bueche conclude their case-histories with a superb analysis of the sources, tactics and uses of applied research, and make the comment The case histories just summarised show, first of all, the futility of trying to label various elements of the research and development process as basic , applied or development . Given almost any definition of these terms, one can find variations or exceptions among the examples. ... 

The case of m = Q corresponds to classical Arrhenius theory m = 1/2 is derived from the collision theory of bimolecular gas-phase reactions and m = corresponds to activated complex or transition state theory. None of these theories is sufficiently well developed to predict reaction rates from first principles, and it is practically impossible to choose between them based on experimental measurements. The relatively small variation in rate constant due to the pre-exponential temperature dependence T is overwhelmed by the exponential dependence exp(—Tarf/T). For many reactions, a plot of In(fe) versus will be approximately linear, and the slope of this line can be used to calculate E. Plots of rt(k/T" ) versus 7 for the same reactions will also be approximately linear as well, which shows the futility of determining m by this approach. 

The argument continued off and on for several days, generating so much heat that the Presiding Judge often opened his arms in futile appeal. The defense didn t try to deny that Farben owned Dynamit A.G. They did say that the ownership was only "on paper" and that Dynamit A.G. was run independently, without the Farben directors knowing the vast extent of production. Even this, however, was not their strongest argument. A tax record, they insisted, had no place in this case. 

However, this might not be possible. The analyte of interest may very well be naturally present in the soil. Thus, trying to find the point where the analyte does not exist in the soil would be futile. In many cases, samples need to be taken from a point where only background or natural levels of the component of interest are present to another point where the same conditions exist. Knowledge of the background levels of components of interest is thus essential in all soil sampling and analysis. 

However, FBA in itself is not sufficient to uniquely determine intracellular fluxes. In addition to the ambiguities with respect to the choice of the objective function, flux balance analysis is not able to deal with the following rather common scenarios [248] (i) Parallel metabolic routes cannot be resovled. For example, in the simplest case of two enzymes mediating the same reaction, the optimization procedure can only assign the sum of a flux of both routes, but not the flux of each route, (ii) Reversible reaction steps can not be resolved, only the sum of both directions, that is, the net flux, (iii) Cyclic fluxes cannot be resolved as they have no impact on the overall network flux, (iv) Futile cycles, which are common in many organisms, are not present in the FBA solution, because they are usually not optimal with respect to any optimization criterion. These shortcomings necessitate a direct experimental approach to metabolic fluxes, as detailed in the next section. 

A number of futile attempts to generate 9 or one of its derivatives have been summarised recently [2]. In these experiments, cyclopentenes were chosen as substrates exclusively and methods were employed that had proven successful in the case of... 

In American Cyanamid Co. vs. Fox et al. (10) the employee stole trade secrets, including microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, and sold them internationally. Fox and his associates had compromised many millions of dollars worth of trade secrets, but retrieving the stolen secrets was impossible. A judgment for damages is futile if the defendant has no funds. The record in the case consisted of 6,984 pages. 

These changes in anion and cation were not merely a case of methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, and then futile. The change of anion dramatically affects the chemical behavior and stability of the ionic liquid the change of cation has a profound effect on the physical properties, such as melting point, viscosity, and density readily can be seen by examining the phase diagrams for the hexafluorophosphate and tetrafluoroborate salts (see Figures 5.5 and 5.6, respectively). 

In what is perhaps the most explicit case of this type of practice it has been argued(38) that if the convention is not followed,. .. science is done a disservice any attempt to use the levels of significance otherwise is an exercise in futility and that decisions that are not based on the special place that must be reserved for p<0.05 are ... 

With regard to innovation processes the significance and the direct effectiveness of individual committed promoters or blockers with their individual motives such as profit or occupational health and safety, consumer protection or environmental protection should, however, not be overestimated. Although committed promoters do play an important part in most substitution processes, a closer look at the individual case samples very quickly reveals their structural futility. Complex innovative processes cannot be moved by a limited number of actors or even by individuals alone. Many substitution processes simply do not progress, despite the fact that we cannot observe any definite opponents . These innovations are not impeded, they only become stuck, as the inertia of the system is simply too high. In order to gain an appropriate comprehension of the ability (and not just the... 

There can be, however, no doubt that in catalytic processes, purely physical factors play an important role, in addition to the chemical valence forces. This is particularly true for the solid catalysts of heterogeneous reactions for which the properties of surfaces, as the seats of catalytic action are of prime importance. The total surface areas, the fine structure of the surfaces, the transport of reactants to and from surfaces, and the adsorption of the reactants on the surfaces, can all be considered as processes of a predominantly physical nature which contribute to the catalytic overall effect. Any attempt, however, to draw too sharp a line between chemical and physical processes would be futile. This is illustrated clearly by the fact that the adsorption of gases on surfaces can be described either as a mere physical condensation of the gas molecules on top of the solid surface, as well as the result of chemical affinities between adsorbate and adsorbent. Every single case of adsorption may lie closer to either one of the hypothetical extremes of a purely physcial or of a purely chemical adsorption, and it would be misleading to maintain an artificial differentiation between physical and chemical factors. 

When Hiickel parameters are not available or reliable (e.g. for silicon or sulfur compounds), SCF calculations are used instead. In these cases, only pertinent MOs are given. Energies are then given in eV. Do not forget that FO is an approximate theory, to be used only for preliminary studies. Spending too much time calculating the frontier orbitals would be futile. Avoid sophisticated methods and use only simple ones (Hiickel, MNDO, AMI, PM3, STO-3G or 3-21G). 

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