Physical condensation

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Soule de Bas, B., Ford, M.J. and Cortie, M.B. (2006) Melting in small gold clusters a Density Functional molecular dynamics study. Journal of Physics -Condensed Matter, 18, 55-74. 

Iwai, H., Okadat, M., Fukutani, K. and Murata, Y. (1995) Chlorine-induced de-reconstruction on Au(OOl) and Cl-adsorbed layers. Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, 7, 5163-5176. 

Wignall, G.D. (1999) Neutron scattering studies of polymers in supercritical carbon dioxide. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 11 (15), R157-R177. 

Chiaretti, M. et al. (2008) Carbon nanotubes toxicology and effects on metabolism and immunological modification in vitro and in vivo. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 20 (47). 

Fujima, T., Frusawa, H., Minamikawa, H., Ito, K. and Shimizu, T. (2006) Elastic precursor of the transformation from glycolipid nanotube to vesicle, Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 18, 3089—3096. Kameta, N., Minamikawa, H., Masuda, M., Mizuno, G. and Shimizu, T. (2008) Controllable biomolecule release from self-assembled organic nanotubes with asymmetric surfaces pH and temperature dependence. Soft Matter, 4 (8), 1681-1688. Weiss R.G. and Terech P. (eds.) (2006) Molecular Gels Materials with Self-Assembled Fibrillar Networks, Springer, Dordrecht. 

Encapsulation of biomolecules in silica gels. Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, 13, R673—R691. 

Otto A., Mrozek I., Grabhom H., Akemann W., Surface-Enhanced Raman-Scattering, Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter 1992 4 1143-1212. 

Barsan, N. and Weimar, U., Understanding the fundamental principles of metal oxide based gas sensors the example of CO sensors with SnOz sensors in the presence of humidity, Journal of Physics Condensed Matter, 15, R813-R839, 2003. 

The nature of quantum chaos in a specific system is traditionally inferred from its classical counterpart. It is an interdisciplinary field that extends into, for example, atomic and molecular physics, condensed matter physics, nuclear physics, and subatomic physics (H.-... 

Vileno B, Lekka M, Sienkiewicz A, Marcoux P, Kulik AJ, Kasas S, Catsicas S, Graczyk A, Forro L (2005) Singlet oxygen ((l)Delta(g))-mediated oxidation of cellular and subcellular components ESR and AFM assays. Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter 17 S1471—S1482. 

There can be, however, no doubt that in catalytic processes, purely physical factors play an important role, in addition to the chemical valence forces. This is particularly true for the solid catalysts of heterogeneous reactions for which the properties of surfaces, as the seats of catalytic action are of prime importance. The total surface areas, the fine structure of the surfaces, the transport of reactants to and from surfaces, and the adsorption of the reactants on the surfaces, can all be considered as processes of a predominantly physical nature which contribute to the catalytic overall effect. Any attempt, however, to draw too sharp a line between chemical and physical processes would be futile. This is illustrated clearly by the fact that the adsorption of gases on surfaces can be described either as a mere physical condensation of the gas molecules on top of the solid surface, as well as the result of chemical affinities between adsorbate and adsorbent. Every single case of adsorption may lie closer to either one of the hypothetical extremes of a purely physcial or of a purely chemical adsorption, and it would be misleading to maintain an artificial differentiation between physical and chemical factors. 

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Fig. 14.2 Nanobiocatalysis publications by subject area (1995-2009). Physics (combined) physics, apphed physics, condensed matter, Materials science (combined) materials science, multidisciplinary materials science, biomateiials, Biochemistry (combined) biochemistry molecular biology biochemical research methods, Medicine pharmacology (combined) pharmacology pharmacy engineering, biomedical medicine, research experimental chemistry, medicinal...

H. Ohta, T. Sakurai, S. Okubo, M. Saruhashi, T. Kunimoto, Y. Uwatoko, and J. Akimitsu, Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, 2002,14,10637. 

K. A. Muller, G.-M. Zhao, K. Conder and H. Keller Journal of Physics Condensed Matter IIS, L291-L296 (1998) D. Mihailovic andK. A. Muller in High-Tc Superconductivity 1996 Ten Years after the Discovery", edited by E. Kaldis, E. Liarokapis and K. A. Muller (Kluwer Academic, Dordrecht 1996) NATO ASI Series vol. 343 pp. 243. 

Alba-Simionesco, C., Coasne, B., Doce, G., Dudziak, G., Gubbins, K.E., Radhakrishnan, R. and Sliwinska-Bartkowiak, M. (2006) Journal of Physics. Condensed Matter An Institute of Physics Journal., 18, R15. 

Moisala, A., Nasibulin, A. G., and Kauppinen, E. I. 2003. The role of metal nanoparticles in the catalytic production of single-walled carbon nanotubes—A review. Journal of Physics Condensed Matter 15 S3011-S35. 

BettineUi, M., A. Speghini, D. Falcomer, M. Daldosso, V. Dallacasa and L. Romano (2006). Photo-catalytic, spectroscopic and transport properties of lanthanide-doped Ti02 nanocrystals. Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, 18(33), S2149-S2160. 

Wang, H. and J.P. Lewis (2006). Second-generation photocatalytic materials Anion-doped Ti02. Journal of Physics-Condensed Matter, 18(2), 421 134. 

A massive electron transfer between the metal particles and the supports (or promoters) and the penetration of an electric field into the metal are thus not realistic ideas on the through-the-metal interaction. However, there is one mechanism for such an interaction which is well supported by the quantum theory of chemisorption when a covalent chemisorption bond is formed, it causes periodic variation (with the distance) in the chemisorption bond strength in its environment. At the nearest site a repulsion is felt, on the next-nearest an attraction, etc. [46a]. However, it is important to realize how strong this interaction is. A realistic estimate, based on observations of the field ion emission images, shows that these interactions are comparable in their strength to the physical (condensation) van der Waals forces [46b]. 

YONGNAN ZHAO, XIUHONG LI, MING LI AND ZHENHONG MAI Institute of Physics Condensed Matter of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080,... 

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